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Cells & Tissues
Test 1 Material (Part 2 of 2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| list all multicellular exocrine glands involving compound structures of the ducts | compound tubular, compound alveolar, and compound tubularalveolar |
| what is an example of an unicellular exocrine gland | a goblet cell |
| how are multicellular exocrine glands classified | based on their structure of ducts and on their secretory portion |
| what are (3) types of secretion | mucous acinus, serous acinus, and mixed acinus |
| which type of secretion are thin & watery, and have small central lumen | serous acinus |
| which type of secretion have large central lumen, lots of carbohydrates, and are generally viscerous | mucous acinus |
| how are multicellular exocrine glands classified with regards to their structure of their glands | simple (branched & coiled) & compound |
| how are multicellular exocrine glands classified with regards to their shape of secretory portion | tubular, alveolar, and tubularalveolar |
| list all the multicellular exocrine glands involving simple type structral ducts | simple tubular, simple branched tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple alveolar, and simple branched alveolar |
| in what ways can secretion occur | holocrine, apocrine, and merocrine |
| what type of secretion occurs when a cell dies to release its contents (generally has a high mitotic rate) | holocrine |
| what type of secretion occurs when a portion of the cell pinches off causing a loss of some cytoplasm and cell membrane | apocrine |
| which type of secretion is the most common and releases by exocytosis from the surface of the cell | merocrine |
| what are cell junctions | a specalized attachment between adjacent cells |
| cell junctions are modifications of what membrane | plasma membrane |
| cell junctions act as what for adjacent cells | anchors |
| list all the type of cell junctions | tight junctions, zonula adhearensm desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions |
| what type of junction are water tight junctions | tight junctions |
| what do tight junctions prevent from passing between the cells | water soluble molecules |
| what fuzed tight junctions together | proteins |
| how can tight junctions be disrupted | lack of calcium |
| zonula adherens use proteins also, what anchors these proteins | actin microfilliments |
| what do hemidesmosomes attach together | the cell and the basel membrane |
| what type of cell junction are disc shaped and use cytoplasmic intermediate filliments for anchors | desmosomes |
| what cell junction is near the bottom layer between the cell | gap junction |
| do gap junctions hold cells together | no |
| what cell junction is not considered part of the terminal bar | gap junction |
| what do gap junctions allow to pass | ions and molecules (size and charge matter) |
| where are gap junctions important | in cardiac and smooth muscles cells, allowing muliply cells to act as one unit |
| what is the main purposes of microvilli, sterocillia, and cillia | increase surface area and move substances |
| microvilli are normally how long | 1 micrometer |
| what are microvill covered with | glycocalyx proteins |
| are microvilli motie or non-motile | non motile |
| described what sterocillia are | really long microvilli (misnamed) |
| what is the common name for cillia and flagella | axoneme |
| are cillia and flagella motie or non-motile | motile |
| do cillia or flagella move the cell around | flagella |
| what is the motor protein for cillia | axonemal dynein |
| what do cillia use for energy | ATP |
| what do axoneme (flagella & cillia) look in a cross section | contain 9 doublets of microtubles surrounding 2 single microtubules (9+2) |
| what do axoneme (flagella & cillia) look in a cross section in the base | 9 triplets of microtublues with no central microtubules (9+0) |
| decribed the a cell cycle | it's the orderly progression of events in the ife of a cell |
| what are the two divisons of cell divisions | interphase and mitosis |
| what are the phases of a cell | G1, S, G2, M |
| what is the first phase of in a cell cycle | G1 (gap 1) |
| what occurs during G1 | the cell carries out normal functions, synthesis of proteins, grows |
| how long does G1 phase last | it can last hours to years (variable) |
| what does the cell do before going into S phase of the cell cycle | enters a checkpoint to ensure the enviornment is right and DNA is intact |
| what is the second phase of a cell cycle | synthesis phase |
| what occurs during S phase | synthesis of DNA |
| how long does S phase last | 6-8 hours |
| what is the third phase in a cell cycle | G2 (gap 2) |
| how long does G2 phase last | 3-6 hours |
| what is synthesized during G2 | tublin for microtubulars |
| what is the purpose of a checkpoint at the end of G2 | determines if DNA is replicated correctly and ready for mitosis |
| what is the fourth phase of a cell cycle | mitosis |
| how long does mitosis last | 1-2 hours |
| what cycle keeps a cell staying in G1 phase | G0 phase |
| what are the phases of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| what breaks down during prophase | the nuclear envelope |
| prophase causes chromosomes to do what | condense |
| what is the second phase of mitosis | metaphase |
| where do chromosomes align during metaphase | midline / equator of cell |
| chromosomes seperate into sister chromatids at what phase of mitosis | metaphase |
| what phase is anaphase in mitosis | third phase |
| what happens to the chromosomes during anaphase | chromosomes move toward opposite poles |
| what is the final stage of mitosis | telophase |
| what feature is regenerated during telophase | nuclear envelope |
| what happens to chromosomes | chromosomes disperse |
| what is the division of cytoplasm | cytokinesis |
| what does apoptosis mean | programed cell death |
| where is apoptosis commonly seen | during embroyonic development |
| give an example of apoptosis during development | development of hands and feet |
| in adult tissue what does apoptosis help balance | cell division |
| cells are removed by apoptosis in adults because they are what | damaged or ineffective |
| does apoptosis cause an inflammatory response | no |
| external regulation of a cell allows specific receptors to bind to what | the cell surface |
| external regulation also send cytoplasmic signals to where | cellular componets |
| internal regulation involves what | cyclins and maturation promoting factor (MPF) |
| when does the concentration of cyclins increase | during interphase |
| when does the concentration of MPF increase | during entry into mitosis |
Created by:
bawasinger
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