Lake Park - AP Human Geography - Chapter 5 Vocabulary
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| Creole or Creolized Language | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
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| Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by a vocabulary, spelling, and punctuation
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| Extinct Language | A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used
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| Ideograms | The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as in the case with letters in English
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| Isogloss | A boundary that separates regions in which different language usage predominate Language Branch
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| Language family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
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| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and displays relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
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| Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
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| Literary Tradition | A language that is written as well as spoken
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| Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for use conduct of business and publication of documents
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| Pidgin Language | A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages
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| Standard Language | The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications
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| Proto-Indo-European | Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of an ancient Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit languages Language Convergence
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| Language Divergence | A process whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of special interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages.
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| Renfrew Hypothesis | Hypothesis proposed that three areas in and near the agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European; North Africa and Arabian; and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India
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| Conquest Theory | One major theory of how Proto-Indo-European diffused into Europe which holds the early speakers of Proto-Indo-European spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues
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| Dispersal Hypothesis | Hypothesis which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from the Proto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around Caspian Sea, and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans
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| Monolingual States | Countries in which only one language is spoken
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| Multilingual States | Countries in which more than one language is spoken
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| Toponym | Place name
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| Standard Language | The variant of a language that a county's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, the media, and other aspects of public life
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| Isogloss | A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.
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| Extinct Language | Language without any native speakers.
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| Nostratic | Language believed to be the ancestral language of Proto-Indo-European, the Kartvelian languages, the Uralic-Atlantic, the Dravadian languages of India, and the Afro-Asiatic language family
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| Pidgin Language | When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
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| Creole Language | A language that began as a pidgin language but was later adopted as the mother tongue by a people in place of the mother tongue
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| Official Language | In multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and government
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| Vernacular | 1) The nonstandard indigenous language or dialect of a locality. 2) Of or related to indigenous arts and architecture, such as a vernacular house. 3) Of or related to the perceptions and understandings of the general population, such a vernacular region
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| Dialect | Geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent form
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| Lingua Franca | An extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more other, more-complex languages usually used for quick and efficient communication
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| Pidgin Language | Language that may develop when two groups of people with different languages meet. The pidgin has some characteristics of each language
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