A&P I Final
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| the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another | Anatomy
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| the study of the function of the body | Physiology
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| study of tissues | Histology
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| Levels of Structural Organization | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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| Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D | Integumentary System
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| Site of blood cell formation, stores minerals | Skeletal System
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| Maintains posture, produces heat, allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. | Muscular System
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| Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands, Is the fast-acting control system of the body. | Nervous system
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| Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. | Lymphatic System
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| Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood. | Urinary system
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| ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world | Homeostasis
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| system where the output shuts off the original stimulus Example: Regulation of room temperature | negative feedback
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| system where the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Example: Regulation of blood clotting | positive feedback
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| toward and away from the head, respectively | Superior and inferior
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| away from the midline | lateral
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| cuts made diagonally | Oblique section
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| divides the body into anterior and posterior parts | Frontal or coronal
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| Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),and is divided into two subdivisions | Thoracic, Abdominopelvic
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| Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities | the mediastinum, and pericardial
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| contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs | mediastinum
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| unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means | elements
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| The nucleus consists of | neutrons and protons
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| equal to the number of protons | Atomic number
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| average of the mass numbers of all isotopes | Atomic weight
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| atoms with same number of protons but a different number of neutrons | Isotope
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| two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together | Compound
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| two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded) | Mixtures
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| homogeneous mixtures of components | Solutions
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| No chemical bonding takes place in | mixtures
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| All compounds are | homogeneous
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| Compounds cannot be separated by | physical means
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| Properties of Water: is an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions | reactivity
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| Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their major function is to supply a source of cellular food | Carbohydrates
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| Examples: Neutral fats, Phospholipids, steroids and eicosanoids | Lipids
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| modified triglycerides with two fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group | Phospholipids
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| Macromolecules composed of combinations of 20types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds | Proteins
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| release H+ and are therefore proton donors | Acids
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| release OH– and are proton acceptors | bases
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| Reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in | PH ,increased temperature
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| Body coverings: skin, body linings: serous membrane, Glandular tissue: tonsils | Epithelial Tissues
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| Epithelial Tissues Functions: | Protection, Absorption, filtration, Secretion
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| Cartilage, Bone, blood | Connective Tissue
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| Functions of Connective Tissue | Binding and support, Protection, insulation and transportation
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| Functions of the: Metabolic functions – synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels, Protection – chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier | Integumentary System
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| Cells undergo rapid division (mitosis), hence its alternate name, stratum germinativum | Stratum Basale, Basal Layer
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| Least malignant and most common skin cancer | Basal Cell Carcinoma
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| Estimates the severity of burns | Rule of Nines
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| Rule of Nines: There are third-degree burns on | face, hands, or feet
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| Rule of Nines: Over 25% of the body has | second-degree burns
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| Rule of Nines: | Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns
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| Functions: Sensory input – monitoring stimuli Integration – interpretation of sensory input Motor output – response to stimuli | Nervous System
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| Paired spinal and cranial nerves, Carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain | Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Two Functional Divisions | Sensory (afferent) division, Motor (efferent) division
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| Motor Division: Two Main Parts | Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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| Neurons Their plasma membrane function in what kind of signaling | Electrical, Cell-to-cell
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| Nerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)Has well-developed | Nissl bodies,(rough ER)
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| Nerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)Contains an – cone-shaped area from which axons arise | axon hillock
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| They are the receptive, or input, regions of the neuron | Dendrites of Motor Neurons
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| Dendrites of Motor Neurons: Electrical signals are conveyed as (not action potentials) | graded potentials
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| Site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes
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| External surface studded with ribosomes, Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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| In the intestinal cells – absorption, Synthesis, and transport of fats In skeletal and cardiac muscle – storage and release of calcium | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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| Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins | Lysosomes
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| Detoxify harmful or toxic substances, Neutralize dangerous free radicals | Peroxisomes
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| an elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytosol functioning in supporting cellular structures and in generating cell movements. | Cytoskeleton
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| Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis | Centrioles
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| Gene-containing control center of the cell, Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized | Nucleus
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| Cell Cycle Order: | Growth (G1),synthesis (S),growth (G2), Mitosis and cytokinesis
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| Centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed | Early and Late Prophase
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| Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell | Metaphase
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| New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin, new nuclear membrane is formed from the rougher, completes cell division | Telophase and Cytokinesis
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| Transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA | Transcription
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| the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription | Translation
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| primarily functions in lipid metabolism | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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| enzyme is the first one needed for DNA replication | Helicase
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| respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch | Mechanoreceptors
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| respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry | Chemoreceptors
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| sensitive to pain-causing stimuli | Nociceptors
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| how many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain | Twelve
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| how many pairs of mixed nerves arise from the spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head | Thirty-one
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| how many cervical (C1-C8) | eight
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| how many thoracic (T1-T12) | twelve
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| how many Lumbar (L1-L5) | five
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| how many Sacral (S1-S5) | five
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| how many Coccygeal (C0) | one
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| five components of a reflex arc | Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration center, Motor neuron, Effector
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| Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands | Autonomic Nervous System
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| The effectors of the SNS are | skeletal muscles
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| The effectors of the ANS are | cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
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| ANS divisions: | sympathetic and parasympathetic
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| mobilizes the body during extreme situations, involves E activities – exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment | The sympathetic
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| performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy, Involves the D activities – digestion, defecation, and diuresis | The parasympathetic
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| ACh-releasing fibers | Cholinergic fibers
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| sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE | Adrenergic fibers
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| Transparent membrane that: Lines the eyelids, lubricates and protects the eye | Conjunctiva
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| these secrete tears | Lacrimal glands
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| the site where the optic nerve leaves the eye, lacks photoreceptors (the blind spot) | The optic disc
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| A plasma like fluid that fills the anterior segment, supports, nourishes, and removes wastes | Aqueous humor
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| biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that: Allows precise focusing of light onto the retina | Lens
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| Pathway of light entering the eye: | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and the neural layer of the retina to the photoreceptors
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| normal eye with light focused properly | Emmetropic eye
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| the focal point is in front of the retina | Myopic eye (nearsighted)
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| the focal point is behind the retina | Hyperopic eye (farsighted)
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| Functional Areas: control voluntary movement | motor
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| Functional Areas: conscious awareness of sensation | sensory
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| conscious awareness of sensation: integrate diverse information | Association areas
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| A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue; Is active as one prepares to speak | Brocas area
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| Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles; Exhibits spatial discrimination | Primary Somatosensory Cortex
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| located in frontal lobe Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality | Prefrontal Cortex
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| each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner | Lateralization
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| found deep within the cortical white matter: Influence muscular activity, Regulate attention and cognition Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements | Basal Nuclei
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| Consists of three paired structures – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus | Diencephalon
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| Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory; Sensual afferent impulses converge and synapse here | Thalamic Function
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| Regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, perception of pleasure, fear, and rage, Maintains normal body temperature | Hypothalamic Function
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| Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle; Pineal gland – extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin | Epithalamus
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| Consists of three regions – midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata | Brain Stem
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| Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum | Pons
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| Parts especially important in emotions: Amygdala – deals with anger, danger, and fear responses Cingulate gyrus – plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict | Limbic System
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| Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli | Reticular Activating System
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| Entails learning explicit information Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability | Fact (declarative) memory
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| less conscious, involves motor activity It is acquired through practice and do not retain the context in which they were learned | Skill Memory
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| The brain is protected by | bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid
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| enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1, provides two-way communication to and from the brain | Spinal Cord
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| severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells, There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles | Flaccid paralysis
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| only upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged, Spinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly | Spastic paralysis
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| transection between T1 and L1 | Paraplegia
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| transection in the cervical region | Quadriplegia
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