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A&P I Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another | Anatomy |
| the study of the function of the body | Physiology |
| study of tissues | Histology |
| Levels of Structural Organization | Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D | Integumentary System |
| Site of blood cell formation, stores minerals | Skeletal System |
| Maintains posture, produces heat, allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. | Muscular System |
| Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands, Is the fast-acting control system of the body. | Nervous system |
| Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. | Lymphatic System |
| Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood. | Urinary system |
| ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world | Homeostasis |
| system where the output shuts off the original stimulus Example: Regulation of room temperature | negative feedback |
| system where the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Example: Regulation of blood clotting | positive feedback |
| toward and away from the head, respectively | Superior and inferior |
| away from the midline | lateral |
| cuts made diagonally | Oblique section |
| divides the body into anterior and posterior parts | Frontal or coronal |
| Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),and is divided into two subdivisions | Thoracic, Abdominopelvic |
| Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities | the mediastinum, and pericardial |
| contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs | mediastinum |
| unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means | elements |
| The nucleus consists of | neutrons and protons |
| equal to the number of protons | Atomic number |
| average of the mass numbers of all isotopes | Atomic weight |
| atoms with same number of protons but a different number of neutrons | Isotope |
| two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together | Compound |
| two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded) | Mixtures |
| homogeneous mixtures of components | Solutions |
| No chemical bonding takes place in | mixtures |
| All compounds are | homogeneous |
| Compounds cannot be separated by | physical means |
| Properties of Water: is an important part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions | reactivity |
| Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their major function is to supply a source of cellular food | Carbohydrates |
| Examples: Neutral fats, Phospholipids, steroids and eicosanoids | Lipids |
| modified triglycerides with two fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group | Phospholipids |
| Macromolecules composed of combinations of 20types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds | Proteins |
| release H+ and are therefore proton donors | Acids |
| release OH– and are proton acceptors | bases |
| Reversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in | PH ,increased temperature |
| Body coverings: skin, body linings: serous membrane, Glandular tissue: tonsils | Epithelial Tissues |
| Epithelial Tissues Functions: | Protection, Absorption, filtration, Secretion |
| Cartilage, Bone, blood | Connective Tissue |
| Functions of Connective Tissue | Binding and support, Protection, insulation and transportation |
| Functions of the: Metabolic functions – synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels, Protection – chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier | Integumentary System |
| Cells undergo rapid division (mitosis), hence its alternate name, stratum germinativum | Stratum Basale, Basal Layer |
| Least malignant and most common skin cancer | Basal Cell Carcinoma |
| Estimates the severity of burns | Rule of Nines |
| Rule of Nines: There are third-degree burns on | face, hands, or feet |
| Rule of Nines: Over 25% of the body has | second-degree burns |
| Rule of Nines: | Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns |
| Functions: Sensory input – monitoring stimuli Integration – interpretation of sensory input Motor output – response to stimuli | Nervous System |
| Paired spinal and cranial nerves, Carries messages to and from the spinal cord and brain | Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Two Functional Divisions | Sensory (afferent) division, Motor (efferent) division |
| Motor Division: Two Main Parts | Somatic nervous system, Autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| Neurons Their plasma membrane function in what kind of signaling | Electrical, Cell-to-cell |
| Nerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)Has well-developed | Nissl bodies,(rough ER) |
| Nerve Cell Body (Perikaryon or Soma)Contains an – cone-shaped area from which axons arise | axon hillock |
| They are the receptive, or input, regions of the neuron | Dendrites of Motor Neurons |
| Dendrites of Motor Neurons: Electrical signals are conveyed as (not action potentials) | graded potentials |
| Site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| External surface studded with ribosomes, Responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| In the intestinal cells – absorption, Synthesis, and transport of fats In skeletal and cardiac muscle – storage and release of calcium | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins | Lysosomes |
| Detoxify harmful or toxic substances, Neutralize dangerous free radicals | Peroxisomes |
| an elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytosol functioning in supporting cellular structures and in generating cell movements. | Cytoskeleton |
| Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis | Centrioles |
| Gene-containing control center of the cell, Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized | Nucleus |
| Cell Cycle Order: | Growth (G1),synthesis (S),growth (G2), Mitosis and cytokinesis |
| Centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed | Early and Late Prophase |
| Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell | Metaphase |
| New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin, new nuclear membrane is formed from the rougher, completes cell division | Telophase and Cytokinesis |
| Transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA | Transcription |
| the production of proteins by decoding mRNA produced in transcription | Translation |
| primarily functions in lipid metabolism | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
| enzyme is the first one needed for DNA replication | Helicase |
| respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch | Mechanoreceptors |
| respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry | Chemoreceptors |
| sensitive to pain-causing stimuli | Nociceptors |
| how many pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain | Twelve |
| how many pairs of mixed nerves arise from the spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head | Thirty-one |
| how many cervical (C1-C8) | eight |
| how many thoracic (T1-T12) | twelve |
| how many Lumbar (L1-L5) | five |
| how many Sacral (S1-S5) | five |
| how many Coccygeal (C0) | one |
| five components of a reflex arc | Receptor, Sensory neuron, Integration center, Motor neuron, Effector |
| Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands | Autonomic Nervous System |
| The effectors of the SNS are | skeletal muscles |
| The effectors of the ANS are | cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
| ANS divisions: | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| mobilizes the body during extreme situations, involves E activities – exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment | The sympathetic |
| performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy, Involves the D activities – digestion, defecation, and diuresis | The parasympathetic |
| ACh-releasing fibers | Cholinergic fibers |
| sympathetic postganglionic axons that release NE | Adrenergic fibers |
| Transparent membrane that: Lines the eyelids, lubricates and protects the eye | Conjunctiva |
| these secrete tears | Lacrimal glands |
| the site where the optic nerve leaves the eye, lacks photoreceptors (the blind spot) | The optic disc |
| A plasma like fluid that fills the anterior segment, supports, nourishes, and removes wastes | Aqueous humor |
| biconvex, transparent, flexible, avascular structure that: Allows precise focusing of light onto the retina | Lens |
| Pathway of light entering the eye: | cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and the neural layer of the retina to the photoreceptors |
| normal eye with light focused properly | Emmetropic eye |
| the focal point is in front of the retina | Myopic eye (nearsighted) |
| the focal point is behind the retina | Hyperopic eye (farsighted) |
| Functional Areas: control voluntary movement | motor |
| Functional Areas: conscious awareness of sensation | sensory |
| conscious awareness of sensation: integrate diverse information | Association areas |
| A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue; Is active as one prepares to speak | Brocas area |
| Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles; Exhibits spatial discrimination | Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
| located in frontal lobe Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality | Prefrontal Cortex |
| each hemisphere has abilities not shared with its partner | Lateralization |
| found deep within the cortical white matter: Influence muscular activity, Regulate attention and cognition Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements | Basal Nuclei |
| Consists of three paired structures – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus | Diencephalon |
| Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory; Sensual afferent impulses converge and synapse here | Thalamic Function |
| Regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, perception of pleasure, fear, and rage, Maintains normal body temperature | Hypothalamic Function |
| Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle; Pineal gland – extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin | Epithalamus |
| Consists of three regions – midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata | Brain Stem |
| Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum | Pons |
| Parts especially important in emotions: Amygdala – deals with anger, danger, and fear responses Cingulate gyrus – plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict | Limbic System |
| Sends impulses to the cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert Filters out repetitive and weak stimuli | Reticular Activating System |
| Entails learning explicit information Is related to our conscious thoughts and our language ability | Fact (declarative) memory |
| less conscious, involves motor activity It is acquired through practice and do not retain the context in which they were learned | Skill Memory |
| The brain is protected by | bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid |
| enclosed within the vertebral column from the foramen magnum to L1, provides two-way communication to and from the brain | Spinal Cord |
| severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells, There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles | Flaccid paralysis |
| only upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged, Spinal neurons remain intact and muscles are stimulated irregularly | Spastic paralysis |
| transection between T1 and L1 | Paraplegia |
| transection in the cervical region | Quadriplegia |
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