The Respiratory System
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| Inhaled air is first warmed by the | nasal musoca
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| The bones the increase the surface of the nasal mucosa are the | conchae
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| The nasopharynx is located behind | nasal cavities
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| The nasopharynx is lined with epithelium | ciliated
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| The oropharynx is located behind the | mouth
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| The oropharynx is lined with epithelium | stratified squamous
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| The laryngopharynx opens into the | larynx and esophagus
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| The part of the pharynx that is an air passageway only is the | nasopharynx
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| The parts of the pharynx that are passageways for both air and food are | oropharynx and the laryngopharynx
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| During swallowing the nasopharynx is covered by the | soft palate
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| The function of the soft palate is to cover the during | nasopharynx, swallowing
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| During swallowing the larynx is covered by the | epiglottis
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| The function epiglottis is to cover the during | larynx, swallowing
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| The palatine tonsils are tissue | lymphatic
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| The palatine tonsils are on the lateral walls of the | oropharynx
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| The adenoid is tissue | lymphatic
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| The adenoid is lymphatic tissue on the wall of the | nasopharynx
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| The general purpose of the tonsils is to | destroy pathogens
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| Coming from the middle ear cavities, the open into the nasopharynx | eustachian tubes
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| The airway of the larynx is lined with epithelial tissue | ciliated
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| The trachea is lined with epithelial tissue | ciliated
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| Mucus and pathogens are swept out of the larynx and trachea by | ciliated epithelial tissue
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| The larynx is an passage way between the | laryngopharynx and the trachea
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| The larynx contains vocal cords, folds that vibrate when air is | exhaled
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| For most people, the speech areas are in the of the cerebrum | left hemisphere
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| The airway of the larynx is kept open by | cartilage
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| The trachea is kept open by | cartilage
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| The trachea is kept open by cartilage shape of a | C
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| The tissue that keeps the larynx and trachea open is | cartilage
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| The trachea extends from the to the | larynx, primary bronchi
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| The trachea and all the respiratory passages are collectively called the | bronchial tree
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| The bronchioles differ from the bronchi in that there are no in their walls and they may | cartilage, close
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| The bronchioles can constrict or dilate because of the tissue in their walls | smooth muscle
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| The right bronchus branches into secondary bronchi | three
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| The left primary bronchus branches into | two
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| The serous membrane that lines the chest cavity is the | parietal pleura
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| The serous membrane the covers the lungs is the | visceral pleura
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| The pleura covers the lungs | visceral
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| The pleura lines the chest cavity | parietal
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| During breathing, friction between the pleural membranes is reduces by | serous fluid
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| The functions of the serous fluid of the pleural membranes is to prevent during | friction, breathing
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| The alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries are all made of | simple squamous epithelial
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| Exchange of gases is possible in the lungs because the alveoli are lined with in which gasses can desolve | tissue fluid
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| Normal inflation of alveoli is possible because decreases the surface tension within alveoli | pulmonary surfactant
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| Pulmonary surfactant permits normal inhalation because it decreases the within alveoli | surface tension
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| All of the structures and substance through which gasses diffuse in the lungs are collectively called the | respiratory membrane
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| The diaphragm is made of muscle | skeletal
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| During inhalation the diaphragm moves | downward
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| The diaphragm during inhalation | contracts
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| The diaphragm during exhalation | relaxes
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| During exhalation the diaphragm moves | upward
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| The diaphragm contracts during | inhalation
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| The diaphragm relaxes during | exhalation
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| During inhalation the chest cavity is expanded top to bottom be the contraction of the | didphragm
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| The external intercostal muscles contribute to by pulling the ribs | inhalation, up and out
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| The ribs are pulled up and out by the | external intercostal
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| The internal intercostal muscles contribute to a | forced inhalation
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| A forced exhalation requires muscles | internal intercostal
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| The muscles that bring about inhalation are the muscles | diaphragm
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| The elastic connective tissue of the lungs contributes to | exhalation
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| Normal exhalation is a passive process and depends on the tissue of the lungs | elastic connective
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| The air pressure outside the body is called pressure | atmospheric pressure
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| The air pressure within the bronchial tree is called | intrapulmonic pressure
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| During inhalation, intrapulmonic pressure | decreases
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| During exhalation, intrapulmonic pressure | increases
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| In external respiration oxygen diffuses from the | alveoli
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| In external respiration carbon dioxide diffuses from the | blood
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| During breathing the pleural membranes are kept together by the presence of | serous fluid
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| The partial pressure of a gas in air or a body fluid is a measure of the of the gas | consentration
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| In internal respiration oxygen from the to the | blood, tissue
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| In internal respiration carbon dioxide diffuses form the to the blood | tissue, blood
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| In internal respiration the PO2 in the blood is | high
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| In internal respiration the PO2 in the tissue is | low
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| In internal respiration the PCO2 in the blood is | low
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| In internal respiration the PCO2 in the tissues is | high
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| Most oxygen is transported to tissues bonded on the | hemoglobin
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| Most oxygen is transported t tissues bonded to the hemoglobin in | red blood cells
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| The mineral that is essential for oxygen transport is | iron
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| because it is part of | hemoglobin
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| Oxygen is released from hemoglobin to tissues where the P is low and the P is high | O2, CO2
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| Most carbon dioxide is transported in hte blood in the form of in the | bicarbonate ions, plasma
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| Bicarbonate ions are in the plasma are the form of blood transport of | carbon dioxide
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| The CNS respiration centers are located in the and | medulla, pons
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| The inspiration and expiration centers are located in the | medulla of the brain
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| The apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are located in the | pons of the brain
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| The nerve impulses that stimulate contractions of the respiratory muscles come form the ________ centers in the ________ | inspiratory, medulla
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| The _________ nerves are motor to the diaphragm | phernic
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| The phrenic nerves carry motor impulses to the | diaphragm
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| The functions of the apneustic center is to | prolong inhalation
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| The function of the pneumotaxic center is to help bring about | exhalation
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| The strongest stimulus to increase the breathing rate is a ________ level of ______ in the blood | higher, carbon dioxide
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| The strongest stimulus to increase the breathing rate is a higher level of _______ in the blood because this makes the blood more __________ | carbon dioxide, acidic
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| The strongest stimulus to increase the breathing rate is a higher level of ___________ in the blood because this will __________ the pH of the blood | Carbon dioxide, decrease
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| The chemoreceptors that detect a decrease in the blood oxygen level are located in the __________ and the _________ | carotid body, aortic body
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| The carotid and aortic bodies contain _________ that detect decreases in the blood ________ level | chemoreceptors, oxygen
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| The chemoreceptors that most rapidly detect an increase in the blood CO2 level are located in the | medulla
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| The medulla contains the chemoreceptors that most rapidly detect increases in the blood level of the | carbon dioxide
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| Hypoxia is the stimulus for the breathing rate to ________ in order to _______ | increase, inhale more oxygen
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| An elevated blood CO2 level is a stimulus for the breathing rate to________ in order to_________ | increase, exhale more CO2
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| The nasal mucosa is made of _________ epithelial tissue | ciliated
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| The nasal mucosa is __________ epithelial tissue with goblet cells that secrete _________ | ciliated, mucus
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| Two functions of the nasal mucosa are to ________ the incoming air and add _________ | warm. moisture
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| The general cause of respiratory acidosis ia a __________ in breathing rate or efficienct that result in ________ CO2 in the body | decrease, more
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| The general cause of respiratory alkalosis is a _________ in breathing rate that results in __________ CO2 in the body | increase. less
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| A severe respiratory acidosis cause the blood pH to fall below | 7.35
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| A severe respiratory alkalosis will cause the blood pH to rise above | 7.45
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| patient who is anxious and hyperventilating may also be in a pH state of respiratory | alkalosis
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| A patient with severe emphysema will also be in a state of reapiratory | acidosis
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| To compensate for the metabolic acidosis the respiratory rate will _______ in order to _________ more carbon dioxide | increase, exhale
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| To compensate for a metabolic acidosis the respiratory rate will _______ in order to______ more carbon dioxide and ________ the blood pH | increase, exhale, raise
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| To compensate for a metabolic alkalosis the respiratory rate will _______ in order to ________ more carbon dioxide | decrease, retain
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| To compensate for a metabolic alkalosis the respiratory rate will ________ in order to _________ more carbon and ________ the blood pH | decrease, retain, lower
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| The limit of respiratory compensation for an ongoing metabolic pH inbalance is approximately | 75%
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