Ch. 5: Integumentary System
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| androgen | generic term for agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone and androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics
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| ductule | very small duct
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| homeostasis | state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain an internal environment within tolerable levels, despite changes in the external environment
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| scrotum | pouch of skin in the male that contains the testicles
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| synthesis | formation of a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds or elements
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| synthesize | to produce by synthesis
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| What is the main function of the skin? | to protect the entire body, including all of its organs, from the external environment
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Blood, Lymph, and Immune systems? | skin is the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens in the body
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Cardiovascular system? | cutaneous blood vessels dilate and constrict to help regulate body temperature
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Digestive system? | (1) skin absorbs vitamin D (produced when skin is exposed to sunlight) needed for intestinal absorption of calcium (2) excess calories are stored as subcutaneous fat
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Endocrine system? | subcutaneous layer of skin stores adipose tissue when insulin secretions cause excess carbohydrate intake to fat storage
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Female Reproductive system? | (1) subcutaneous receptors provide pleasurable sensations associated with sexual behavior (2) skin stretches to accommodate the growing fetus during pregnancy
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Genitourinary system? | (1) receptors in the skin respond to sexual stimuli (2) skin provides an alternative route for excreting salts and nitrogenous wastes in the form of perspiration
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Musculoskeletal system? | (1) skin synthesizes vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium essential for muscle contraction (2) skin also synthesizes vitamin D needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of bones
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Nervous system? | cutaneous receptors detect stimuli related to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature
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| What is the relationship of the Skin to the Respiratory system? | (1) skin temperature may influence respiratory rate, as temperature increases, respiratory rate may also increase (2) hair of the nasal cavity filter particles from inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract
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| adip/o | fat
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| lip/o | fat
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| steat.o | fat
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| cutane/o | skin
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| dermat/o | skin
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| derm/o | skin
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| hidr/o | sweat
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| sudor/o | sweat
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| ichthy/o | dry, scaly
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| kerat/o | horny tissue; hard; cornea
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| melan/o | black
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| myc/o | fungus (plural, fungi)
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| onych/o | nail
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| ungu/o | nail
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| pil/o | hair
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| trich/o | hair
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| scler/o | hardening; sclera (white of eye)
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| seb/o | sebum, sebaceous
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| squam/o | scale
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| xen/o | foreign, strange
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| xer/o | dry
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| -cyte | cell
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| -derma | skin
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| -logist | specialist in the study of
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| -logy | study of
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| -therapy | treatment
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| an- | without, not
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| dia- | through, across
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| epi- | above, upon
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| homo- | same
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| hyper- | excessive, above normal
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| sub- | under, below
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| Grade 1 Tumor: tumor cells well differentiated | close resemblance to tissue of origin, thus, retaining some specialized functions
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| Grade 2 Tumor: tumor cells moderately differentiated | (1) less resemblance to tissue of origin (2) more variation in size and shape of tumor cells (3) increased mitoses
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| Grade 3 Tumor: tumor cells poorly to very poorly differentiated | (1) only remotely resembles tissue of origin (2) marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells (3) greatly increased mitoses
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| Grade 4 Tumor: tumor cells very poorly differentiated | (1) little to no resemblance to tissue of origin (2) extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells
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| TNM | the tumor, node, metastasis system of staging, including designations, stages, and degrees of tissue involvement
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| T0 | no evidence of tumor
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| Tis | Stage 1: carcinoma in situ indicates the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues
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| T1, T2, T3, T4 | Stage 2: primary tumor size and extent of local invasion, when T1 is small with minimal invasion and T4 is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues
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| N0 | regional lymph nodes show no abnormalities
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| N1, N2, N3, N4 | Stage 3: degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes, where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading
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| M0 | no evidence of metastasis
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| M1 | Stage 4: indicates metastasis
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| abscess | localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a 'staphylococcal' infection
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| acne | inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts; usually associated with seborrhea; also called 'acne vulgaris'
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| alopecia | partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease; commonly called 'baldness'
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| Bowen disease | form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis; also called 'Bowen precancerous dermatosis'
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| cellulitis | diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
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| chloasma | pigmentary skin discoloration usually in yellowish brown patches or spots
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| comedo | typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
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| dermatomycosis | infection of the skin caused by fungi
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| ecchymosis | skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a 'bruise'
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| eczema | chronic skin inflammation characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules, scales, crusts, scabs, and possibly, itching
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| erythema | redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
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| eschar | damaged tissue following a severe burn
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| impetigo | bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
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| keratosis | thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)
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| lentigo | small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually middle-aged or older person
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| pallor | unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin
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| pediculosis | infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushed, combs, or headgear
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| petechia | minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
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| pressure ulcer | skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blow flow to the tissues, usually in bedridden patients; also know as 'decubitus ulcer'
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| pruritus | intense itching
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| psoriasis | chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis
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| purpura | any several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae
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| scabies | contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
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| tinea | fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part effected; also called 'ringworm'
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| urticaria | allergic reaction of the skin scharacterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called 'wheals' or 'hives'
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| verruca | epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts; types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts
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| vitiligo | localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
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| skin test (ST) | any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient's sensitivity to it
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| intradermal skin test | skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amount of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for a subsequent reaction
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| patch skin test | skin test that identifies suspected allergens by topical application of the substance to be tested (such as food, pollen, and animal fur), usually in the forearm, and observing for a subsequent reaction
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| scratch (prick) skin test | skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin
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| biopsy | representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination
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| needle biopsy | removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
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| punch biopsy | removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch
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| shave biopsy | removal of surgical blade is used to removed elevated lesions
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| frozen section (FS) biopsy | ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
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| chemical peel | chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses; also called 'chemabrasion'
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| debridement | removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents
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| dermabrasion | rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis
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| fulguration | tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called 'electrodesiccation'
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| cryosurgery | use of subfreezing temperature (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue
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| incision and drainage (I&D) | process of cutting through a lesion such as an abscess and draining its contents
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| skin graft | surgical procedure to transplant healthy tissue by applying it to an injured site
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| allograft (skin graft) | transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called 'homograft'
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| autograft (skin graft) | transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual
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| synthetic skin graft | transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern
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| xenograft (skin graft) | transplantation (dermis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called 'heterograft'
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| antifungals | alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death
(1) nystatin: Mycostatin, Nyston
(2) intraconazole: Sporanox
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| antihistamines | inhibit allergic reactions of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine
(1) diphenhydramine: Benadryl
(2) loratadine: Claritin
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| antiseptics | topically applied agents that inhibit growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections in cuts, scratches, and surgical incisions
(1) ethyl, or isopropyl alcohol
(2) hydrogen peroxide
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| corticosteroids | decrease inflammation and itching by suppressing the immune system;s inflammatory response to tissue damage
(1) hydrocortisone: Certacort, Cortaid
(2) triamcinolone: Azmacort, Kenalog
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| keratolytics | destroy and soften the outer layer of skin so that it is sloughed off or shed
Ex: tretinoin: Retin-A, Vesanoid
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| parasiticides | kill insect parasites, such as mites and lice
(1) lindane: Kwell, Thion
(2) permethrin: Nix
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| protectives | cover, cool, dry, or soothe inflamed skin
(1) lotions: Cetaphil moisturizing lotion
(2) ointments: vaseline
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| topical anesthetics | block sensation of pain by numbing the skin layers and mucous membranes
(1) lidocaine: Xylocaine
(2) procaine: Novocain
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| Bx, bx | biopsy
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| BCC | basal cell carcinoma
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| CA | cancer; chronological age, cardiac arrest
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| cm | centimeter
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| decub | decubitus (ulcer)
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| derm | dermatology
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| FS | frozen section
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| ID | intradermal
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| I&D | incision and drainage
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| IMP | impression (synonymous with diagnosis)
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| IV | intravenous
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| subcu, Sub-Q, subQ | subcutaneous (injection)
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| ung | ointment
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| XP, XDP | xeroderma pigmentosum
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