Lab/diagnostic finding vs Diagnosis/disease
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| Anticentromere antibodies | Scleroderma (CREST)
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| Antidemoglein (epithelial) antibodies | Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
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| Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies | Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis
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| Antihistone antibodies | Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
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| Anti-IgG antibodies | Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
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| Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) | 1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
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| Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA) | SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
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| Antiplatelet antibodies | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
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| Anti-topoisomerase antibodies | Diffuse systemic scleroderma
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| Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies | Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
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| "Apple core" lesion on abdominal x-ray | Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
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| Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts | Auer rods (actue myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type)
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| Bacitracin response | Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A); resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)
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| "Bamboo spine" on x-ray | Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27
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| Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs | Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
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| Basophilic stippling of RBCs | Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
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| Bloody tap on LP | Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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| "Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray | Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
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| Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules | Actinomyces israelii
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| Bronchogenic apical lung tumor | Pancoase tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
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| "Brown" tumor of bone | Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to:
1. Hyperparathyroidism
2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
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| Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy | Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
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| Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule | Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonphritis
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| "Chocolate cyst" of ovary | Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
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| Cirrular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils | Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
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| Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs | Cystic fibrosis (AR mutation to CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
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| Decreased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum | Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality
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| Degeneration of dorsal column nerves | Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis)
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| Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra | Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
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| Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum | Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
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| Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid | Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
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| Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargemnt and hyperchromasia | Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
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| Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies | "Owl's-eye" appearance of CMV
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| Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei | "Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
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| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell | Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
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| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell | Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
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| Eosinophilic globule in liver | Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
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| Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells | Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
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| Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain | Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
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| Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owls eye") | Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
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| Glomerulus-like struction surrounding vessel in germ cells | Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
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| "Hair-on-end" (crew cut) appearance on x-ray | β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
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| hCG elevated | Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
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| Heart nodules (granulomatous) | Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
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| Heteropphile antibodies | Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
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| Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions | Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
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| High level of D-dimers | DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
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| Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify) | Ghon complex (1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
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| "Honeycomb lung" on x-ray | Interstitial fibrosis
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| Hypersegmented neutrophils | Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)
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| Hypochromic, microcytic anemia | Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
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| Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum | Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
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| Increase uric acid levels | Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
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| Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies | Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
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| Iron-containing nodules in alveolar spetum | Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increase chance of mesothelioma)
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| Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency | Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
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| "Lead pipe" appearance of colon on x-ray | Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
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| Linear appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence | Goodpasture's syndrome
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| Low serum ceruloplasmin | Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
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| "Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence | Poststreptococcal glomerulonphritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
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| Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on x-ray | Multiple myeloma
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| Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst | Fibrocystic change of the breast
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| Monoclonal antibody spike | 1. Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA)
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)
3. Waldenstrom's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia
4. Primary amyloidosis
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| Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine | Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
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| Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus | Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
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| Narrowingof bowel lumen on barium radiograph | "String sign" (Crohn's disease)
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| Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals | Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
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| Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli | Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
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| Novobiocin response | Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis; resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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| "Nutmeg" appearance of liver | Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
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| "Onion-skin" periosteal reaction | Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
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| Optochin response | Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae; resistant: Viridans streptococcus
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| Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area | Codman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
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| Podocyte fusion on EM | Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
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| Polished, "ivory-like appearance of bone at cartilage erosion | Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis
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| Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau | Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease and CJD)
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| Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy | Glioblastoma multiforme
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| RBC casts in urine | Acute glomerulonephritis
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| Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells | Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
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| Renal epithelial casts in urine | Actue toxic/viral nephrosis
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| Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent | Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
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| Rib notching | Coarctation of the aorta
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| Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS | Toxoplasma gondii
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| Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology) | Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky" made up of malignant cells)
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| Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons | Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
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| "Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray | Giant cell tumor bone (generally benign)
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| "Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits | Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
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| Stacks of red blood cells | Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
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| Stripped vaginal epithelial cells | "Clue cells" Gardneralla vainalis)
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| "Tennis-racket" -shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells | Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
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| Thrombi made of white/red layers | Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
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| "Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray | Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
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| Thyroid-like appearance of kidney | Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
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| "Tram-track" appearance on LM | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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| Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles | Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
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| WBCs that look "smudged" | CLL (almost always B cell; affects the elderly)
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| "Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM | Lupus nephropathy
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| Yellow CSF | Xanthochromia (previous subarachnoid hemorrhage)
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