Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
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| amniocentesis | Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle and syringe to remove amniotic fluid
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| colposcopy | Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
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| laparoscopy | Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
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| Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
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| endometrial biopsy | Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
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| Papanicolaou (Pap) test | Cytological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination
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| mammography | Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer
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| ultrasonography | Process by which high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) produce and display an image from reflected "echoes" on a monitor; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
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| cerclage | Suturing the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion. The sutures are removed prior to delivery
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| cesarean birth | Incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called C-section
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| Dilation and Curetage (D&C) | Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette
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| episiotomy | Incision of the perineum from the vaginal orifice usually done to prevent tearing of the tissue and to facilitate childbirth
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| hysterectomy | Excision of the uterus
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| intrauterine device | Plastic or metal object placed inside the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterine lining
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| lumpectomy | Excision of a small primary breast tumor (a "lump") and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
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| mammoplasty | Surgical reconstruction of the breast(s) to change the size, shape, or position
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| mastectomy | Excision of the entire breast
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