Chabner, Language of Medicine 8th Edition, Chpt 19 Cancer Medicine (Oncology)
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| metastasis | this term describes the spread of malignant tumors to a distant location
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| adenocarcinoma of the lung | example of a solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue
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| fungating tumor | mushrooming pattern of growth as tumor cells pile on top of each other
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| polypoid | sessile and pedunculated types of growth
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| cancinoma in situ | localized tumor growth
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| scirrhous type tumors | hard, densely packed tumor cells
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| staging a tumor | assessing the extent of tumor spread
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| mutagenic | producing a change in the DNA of a cell
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| mutation | inheritable change in a cell
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| oncogenes | example of genetic material that causes cancer
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| exenteration | wide resection of tumor and removal of surrounding tissue
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| fulguration | destruction of tissue by electric spark
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| retinoblastoma | an example of a known type of inherited cancer
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| modality | method of treatment
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| radioresistant tumor | tumor requires large doses of radiation to produce death of cells
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| notation T1N2MO means | tumor is present with palpable regional lymph nodes and no metastasis
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| electrocauterization | treating tissue with electrically generated heat
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| pharmacokinetics | study of the distribution of drugs in the body
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| adjuvant | assisting or aiding
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| linear accelerators | term used in treatment of tumors with radiation
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| estrogen receptor assay | tests the concentration of hormone receptor sites in cells of breast cancer patients
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| staging laparotomy | a wide surgical incision of the abdomen to detect disease
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| interferon | biological response modifier
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| relapse | return of symptoms of disease
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| osteogenic sarcoma | cancerous tumor derived from bone
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| erythema | side effect of radiation therapy (redness of skin)
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| alopecia | side effect of chemotherapy or radiotherapy (hair loss)
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| fibrosis | side effect of radiation therapy to the lungs (abnormal growth of connective tissue)
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| myelosuppresion | hypoplasia of bone marrow
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| mucositis | inflammation of the inner lining of an organ
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| chemical carcinogen | an agent (hydrocarbon, insecticide, hormone) that causes cancer
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| mitosis | replication of cells; two identical cells are produced from a parent cell
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| oncogene | region of genetic material that causes cancer; found in tumor cells or viruses
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| RNA | cellular substance (ribonucleic acid) that is important in protein synthesis
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| virus | infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself
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| DNA | genetic material within the nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis
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| mutation | change in the genetic material of a cell
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| ultraviolet radiation | rays given off by the sun
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| inflammatory | characterized by redness, swelling, and heat
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| medullary | tumors are large, soft, fleshy
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| necrotic | containing dead tissue
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| fungating | mushrooming pattern of growth
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| ulcerating | characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces
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| cystic | tumors form large, open spaces filled with fluid
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| verrucous | tumors resemble wart-like growths
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| polypoid | growths are projections from a base (sessile and pedunculated)
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| excisional biopsy | removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible cure for small tumors
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| en bloc resection | removal of entire tumor with large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes
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| electrocauterization | burning a lesion
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| fulguration | destruction by high-frequency electric sparks
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| incisional biopsy | cutting into tumor and removing a piece to establish diagnosis
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| cryosurgery | freezing a lesion
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| pelvic exenteration | wide resection involving tumor, organ of origin, and surrounding tissue in the area of the hip
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| beta-HCG test | test for the presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (a marker for testicular cancer)
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| staging laparotomy | incision of the abdomen to determine extent of disease
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| CA-125 | protein marker test to detect ovarian cancer cells in blood
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| laparoscopy | visual examination of the abdominal cavity; peritoneoscopy
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| estrogen receptor assay | test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells
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| bone marrow biopsy | removal and microscopic examination of bone marrow tissue
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| needle biopsy | aspiration of tissue for microscopic examination
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| PSA test | blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer
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| CEA test | blood test for cancinoembryonic antigen (marker for GI cancer)
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| exfoliative cytology | cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined
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| radiation | energy carried by a stream of particles
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