Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism
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| What is the primary function of the larynx? | show 🗑
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| show | Provide the sound source for speech
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| Which muscles adduct the vocal folds? | show 🗑
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| show | Cricothyroid (CT)
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| show | Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
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| Name all the bones of the larynx or that support the larynx. | show 🗑
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| show | Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform.
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| Name the paired cartilages. | show 🗑
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| show | Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis.
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| What is unique about the hyoid bone relative to all the other bones in the human body? | show 🗑
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| show | The vocal processes move either upward and outward, or downward and inward.
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| Write a brief description of the vocal folds. | show 🗑
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| Define the glottis. | show 🗑
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| Define adduction. | show 🗑
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| show | Vocal folds apart.
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| What determines whether a laryngeal muscle is called intrinsic? | show 🗑
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| show | Thyroarytenoid, Lateral Cricoarytenoid, Interarytenoid, Cricothyroid, Posterior Cricoarytenoid.
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| What determines whether a laryngeal muscle is called extrinsic? | show 🗑
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| show | Sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, inferior constrictors.
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| show | No direct attachments to the larynx, but influence the larynx by attaching to the hyoid bone.
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| show | Digastric, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid, genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid.
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| The intrinsic muscles produce two types of adjustments of the vocal folds. What are they? | show 🗑
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| show | Thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis.
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| show | Draws the arytenoid cartilages anteriorly and medially; shortens, relaxes, and adducts the vocal folds.
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| When opposed by other muscles what is the effect of TA contraction on the vocal folds? | show 🗑
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| What are the two parts of the cricothyroid muscle? | show 🗑
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| show | Pulls thyroid cartilage inferiorly and/or pulls cricoid superiorly; lengthens and tenses the vocal folds.
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| show | Rocks arytenoid cartilages anteriorly and slides them laterally; directs vocal processes medially to adduct the vocal folds.
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| show | Shortens the distance between the arytenoid cartilages to adduct the vocal folds.
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| show | Posterior Cricoarytenoid.
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| What is the effect of contracting the sternothyroid muscle? | show 🗑
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| What is the effect of contracting the thyrohyoid muscle? | show 🗑
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| show | Reduces diameter of laryngopharynx and can stabilize the larynx.
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| show | All intrinsic muscles except the cricothyroid (CT) muscle.
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| show | Asymmetry in length between left and right sides (loops around).
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| show | Cricothyroid.
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| show | Mucosa, ligament, and muscle.
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| What is in the 5 layer scheme? | show 🗑
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| show | Cover and body.
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| show | Glottal stop - vocal folds fully adducted; whisper - vocal folds slightly adducted.
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| Define the two parts of vocal fold motion. | show 🗑
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| What is the fundamental frequency? | show 🗑
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| show | No.
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| show | No, because they're staying adducted.
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| What was the hypothesis behind the Neurochronaxic theory of vocal fold vibration? | show 🗑
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| The left branch of the RLN is about 10 cm longer than the right branch. Why is this a problem for the Neurochronaxic theory? | show 🗑
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| The vocal folds are sometimes represented (modeled) as a mass-spring-damper system. Explain how these three components are related to real vocal folds. | show 🗑
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| show | Glottal geometry and presence of the vocal tract.
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| show | The minimum sub glottal pressure at which the vocal folds will sustain vibration.
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| show | Viscosity of tissue (hydrated vocal folds have lower PTP), prephonatory glottal width (lower PTP if vocal folds are close together), vocal fold structure, and the configuration of the vocal tract just above the glottis.
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| show | Thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid.
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| show | Effective mass in vibration and the elastic nature of the tissue.
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| show | Pitch.
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| show | The opposing force that results from imposing a strain (stretch) on some material (tissue)
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| show | The force generated by contraction of a muscle.
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| Which parts of the vocal folds can have passive stress only? | show 🗑
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| Which parts of the vocal folds can also have active stress? | show 🗑
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| As vocal fold tissue is stretched, the stress (tension) increases the most in which layer (or tissue type)? | show 🗑
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| In general, why do children typically have higher F0s than adults? | show 🗑
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| What major difference is there between the change in F0 over the lifespan for males versus females? | show 🗑
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| show | Increased lung pressure (respiratory drive), highly adducted vocal folds, and configuration of the vocal tract.
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| show | Breathy voice.
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| show | A rhythmical involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part.
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| What is a vocal tremor? | show 🗑
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| What type of vocal modulation does a respiratory tremor typically produce? | show 🗑
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| What type of vocal modulation would a tremor of the CT muscle typically produce? | show 🗑
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| An electroglottography signal is representative of what aspect of vocal fold vibration? | show 🗑
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| show | Vocal fold vibration that has a small amount of tissue in contact, thus the EGG signal will generally have a long phase with zero amplitude and a short pulse-like phase representing contact.
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| show | Large amount of tissue in contact over the duration of a cycle. The EGG signal will then have long phase with non-zero amplitude and a short phase with low amplitude.
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