Anatomy and Physiology of the Speech Mechanism
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| show | To protect the airway
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| What is the secondary function of the larynx? | show 🗑
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| Which muscles adduct the vocal folds? | show 🗑
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| show | Cricothyroid (CT)
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| show | Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
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| Name all the bones of the larynx or that support the larynx. | show 🗑
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| show | Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform.
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| Name the paired cartilages. | show 🗑
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| Name the unpaired cartilages. | show 🗑
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| show | It's the only bone that does not articulate with another bone.
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| show | The vocal processes move either upward and outward, or downward and inward.
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| show | Paired layered tissue structure extending from arytenoids to thyroids.
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| Define the glottis. | show 🗑
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| show | Vocal folds together.
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| Define abduction. | show 🗑
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| show | Both attachments are within the larynx.
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| Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx. | show 🗑
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| show | One attachment is within the larynx, one attachment is outside the larynx.
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| Name the extrinsic muscles of the larynx. | show 🗑
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| What determines whether a laryngeal muscle is called supplementary? | show 🗑
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| show | Digastric, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid, genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid.
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| The intrinsic muscles produce two types of adjustments of the vocal folds. What are they? | show 🗑
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| show | Thyrovocalis and thyromuscularis.
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| When unopposed by other muscles what is the effect of TA contraction on the vocal folds? | show 🗑
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| show | Increases internal tension of the vocal folds.
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| show | Pars rectus and pars oblique.
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| What is the effect of CT contraction on the cartilages and vocal folds? | show 🗑
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| show | Rocks arytenoid cartilages anteriorly and slides them laterally; directs vocal processes medially to adduct the vocal folds.
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| What is the effect of the interarytenoid muscle(s) contraction? | show 🗑
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| What is the sole abductor of the vocal folds? | show 🗑
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| What is the effect of contracting the sternothyroid muscle? | show 🗑
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| What is the effect of contracting the thyrohyoid muscle? | show 🗑
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| What is the effect of contracting the inferior constrictor? | show 🗑
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| Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)? | show 🗑
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| Why the RLN is called "recurrent"? | show 🗑
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| Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN)? | show 🗑
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| What is in the 3 layer scheme? | show 🗑
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| What is in the 5 layer scheme? | show 🗑
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| What is in the 2 layer scheme? | show 🗑
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| show | Glottal stop - vocal folds fully adducted; whisper - vocal folds slightly adducted.
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| Define the two parts of vocal fold motion. | show 🗑
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| show | The number of cycles of vocal fold vibration that could be completed in one second.
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| show | No.
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| Would it be correct to describe vocal fold vibration as a repeating pattern of adduction and abduction? | show 🗑
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| What was the hypothesis behind the Neurochronaxic theory of vocal fold vibration? | show 🗑
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| show | If each vibration cycle of the vocal folds is initiated by a nerve impulse, the left vocal fold would move later than the right fold because of the greater distance the impulse must travel on the left side.
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| show | The mass represents the effective mass of the tissue in vibration, the spring represents the elastic nature of the tissue, and the damper represents the loss of energy during vibration into the tissue.
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| show | Glottal geometry and presence of the vocal tract.
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| What is phonation threshold pressure (PTP)? | show 🗑
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| show | Viscosity of tissue (hydrated vocal folds have lower PTP), prephonatory glottal width (lower PTP if vocal folds are close together), vocal fold structure, and the configuration of the vocal tract just above the glottis.
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| show | Thyroarytenoid and cricothyroid.
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| What mechanical characteristics of the vocal fold tissue determine F0? | show 🗑
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| What is the perceptual correlate of F0? | show 🗑
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| show | The opposing force that results from imposing a strain (stretch) on some material (tissue)
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| show | The force generated by contraction of a muscle.
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| show | The mucosa and ligament.
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| Which parts of the vocal folds can also have active stress? | show 🗑
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| show | Ligament.
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| show | Children's larynges and vocal folds are smaller than adults, which results in an overall lower vocal fold mass which leads to a higher F0.
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| What major difference is there between the change in F0 over the lifespan for males versus females? | show 🗑
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| What are the three primary mechanisms that affect intensity? | show 🗑
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| show | Breathy voice.
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| show | A rhythmical involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part.
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| What is a vocal tremor? | show 🗑
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| What type of vocal modulation does a respiratory tremor typically produce? | show 🗑
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| What type of vocal modulation would a tremor of the CT muscle typically produce? | show 🗑
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| show | The amount of vocal fold tissue that is in contact at any given instant of time (i.e., vocal fold contact area).
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| What characteristics of an EGG signal would be expected for a breathy voice quality? | show 🗑
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| What characteristics of an EGG signal would be expected for a pressed voiced quality? | show 🗑
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