Anthro 1 Final
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| miocene | 25mya-5mya
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| pliocene | 5mya-1.8mya
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| pleistocene | 1.8mya-10,000ya
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| hominidae | upright and habitual bipedalism
homo sapiens
-large brain/body size ratio
-great intelligence
-language skills
-complex tool use
Not all Hominidae have these features
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| Laetoli footprints | In 1976 Mary Mary Leakey recovered set of footprints in Tanzania. Preserved in volcanic ash. Event that took 3.5 mya. It was of two hominins walking next to each other. Their footprints looked like ours. Confirmed that A. afarensis was bipedal.
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| miocene primates | -major developments include the divergence of Hominoidea
-early hominidea had tails, were arboreal quadrupeds, but had Y-5 molars
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| miocene hominoidea | -by the mid-Miocene, three major groups of Hominoidea diverge
1. Pliomorphs
2. Ramamorphs
3. Dryomorphs
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| Lucy | 3.2 million years old
Austropithecus afarensis
Ethiopia
found in 1974
40% of skeleton preserved
all parts were represented except the cranium, which remains are framentary
3'8". 65lbs
her and her kind were bipeds
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| Donald Johnson | found Lucy
discovered 200 skull fragments in Ethiopia which were from Australopithecus Afarensis
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| Tim White | ?
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| Mary Leakey | She discovered the Laetoli footprints that showed A. afarensis was bipedal.
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| Louis Leakey | He and Mary Leakey discovered "Zinjanthropus" or "Nutcracker Man"
This specimen had extremely large jaws annd back teeth annd a large saggittal crest. It was a Paranthrpus boisei that existed from 2.2 mya to 1 mya.
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| Richard Leakey | He suggests that sharp stone tools allowed "early Homo" to more quickly cut meat and bone off carcass, making the addition of meat to the diet through scavenging safer and more efficient. This gave them and edge.
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| Eugene DuBois | Dutch physician, made first finds ever of H. erectus in Java in Africa. Before that most people thought humans evolved in Asia first
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| Olduwan Industry | A toolmaking tradition from Africa associated with early Homo. They made core tools-tools made by taking flakes off a stone nucleus and flake tools-tools made from the flakes removed from a stone core.
are the first evidence we see of culture in the arc
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| Acheuliam Industry | Complex tools made by H. erectus and H. ergaster. Found in France. made the hand axe which is a bifacial, all-purpose stone tool, shaped somewhat like an axe. It is bifacial-flaked on both sides.
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| Mousterian Industry | Toolmaking tradition associated with the European Neandertals. Careful retouching of flakes taken off cores. May have been the first to haft a point. To attach a wooden handle or shaft to a stone or bone point.
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| Upper Paleolithic Industry | Blades are precies and beautifully made. Made tools from antlers, bones, and ivory. Made practical tools like harpoons
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| hand axe | a bifacial, all purpose stone tool, shaped somewhat like an axe head. First invented by Homo erectus and usually associated with that species.
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| opportunistic scavenging | Homo habilis survived as general forager and opportunistic scavenger.
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| intentional scavenging | homo erectus were the first early fully-terrestrial Homindae. Early forms well-adapted for open savanna foraging and scavenging. Larger and more complex brains associated with Acheulian tradition and "intentional scavenging"
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| post-canine megadontia | Post-canine megadontia -great enlargement of molars and premolars found in early vegetarian hominid ancestors such as Paranthropus aetheopicus. Considered to be evidence for vegetarianism, robust size would result from eating tough, hard shelled food
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| post-orbital constriction | Australopithecines have high degree. Paranthropus have high degree. Homo habilis-mod. to high degree. Homo erectus-moderate. H. heidelbergensis- moderate. H. neanderthalensis-slight. H. sapiens-slight/mimal
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| canine diastema | Austalopithecus-canine diastema.A space or gap between the canine and adjacent teeth. It allows room for the point of the protruding opposite canine tooth and thereby permits the upper and lower teeth to bite together.
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| dental arcade | paranthropus-u shaped. Homo habilis- U-shaped sort of. Homo erectus-more parabolic. Homo heidelbergensis- parabolic. H. meanderthalensis-parabolic. Homo sapiens-parabolic
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| encephalization | Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass. Homo habilis. continues in Homo erectus.
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| Australopthecines cranial capacity | 400-500cc
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| Paranthropus cranial capacity | 400-500cc
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| Homo habilis cranial capacity | 500-700cc
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| Homo erectus cranial capacity | 800-1100cc
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| H. heidelbergensis cranial capacity | 1200cc-2000cc
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| H. neanderthalensis cranial capacity | 1200-2000cc
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| H. sapiens cranial capacity | 1200-1800cc
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| H. florensiensis | 380cc
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| occipital torus | A bony ridge at the back of the skull, where the neck muscles attach. Pronounced on H. erectus.
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| Paranthropus supra orbital ridge | a ridge on the frontal bone above the eye socket. pronounced
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| H. habilis supra orbital ridge | prominent to moderate
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| H. erectus supra orbital ridge | moderate to prominent
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| H. neanderthalensis supra orbital ridge | pronounced
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| H. sapiens supra orbital ridge | slight to moderate
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| Australopithecines supra orbital ridge | prominent
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| mid-facial prognathism | projecting lower jaw on H neandertalensis
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| retro-molar space | ?
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| occipital bun | key feature of H. Neanderthalensis.a morphological term used to describe a prominent bulge, or projection, of the occipital bone at the back of the skull
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| sagittal crest | A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull. Prominent on paranthropus.
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| zygomatic arch | paranthropus-wide and flaring. H habilis-wide zygomatic arch not as side as Paranthropus and Austrapithecines
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| projecting point | projecting, bulbous nose of H neanderthalensis. projecting nose and chin for H. sapiens
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| mental eminence | the chin. 1 for small chin and 5 for square one that sticks out. Paran. H. habilis, H. heidelbergensis receding chin. H. sapiens have is(projecting chin)
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| temporal lines | ?
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| temporal muscles | paranthropus have attachment for temporalis muscle. prominent sagittal crest.
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| masseter muscle | Paranthropus have wide and flaring zygomatic archthat is an attachment for masseter muscle.
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| lower facial prognathism | paranthropus, homo habilis
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| valgus angle | key feature for upright bipedalism. hip to knee to ankle
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| ilium | Key feature for upright bipedalism. Hominidid ilium is short and broad. Pan ilium is long and narrow. Attachment of gluteus minimus, g. medius, g. maximus
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| foramen magnum | Key feature for upright bipedalism is "centered" at the base of the skull. balance skull on top of vertebrae
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| ardipithecus ramidus | alternative names: ardipithecus ramidus kadabba, australopithecus ramidis; East Africa; 5.5mya-4.4mya
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| australopithecus afarensis | "Lucy"; East Africa; 4.0mya-3.0mya
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| australopithecus africanus | "Tuang Child"; Southern Africa; 2.7mya-2.0mya
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| austropithecus garhi | East Africa; 2.5mya
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| paranthropus aethiopicus | Austraalopithecus aethiopicus, "Black Skull", "Robust Australopithecine", East Africa, 2.5mya
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| paranthropus boisei | Australopithecus boisei, "Robust Australopithecine", East Africa, 2.0-1.0mya
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| paranthropus robustus | Australopithecus robustus, "Robust Austraalopithecine", Southern Africa, 2.0-1.0mya
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| homo habilis | Homo rudolphensis, "Handy Man", East Africa, Southern Africa, 2.3mya-1.4mya
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| "African" homo erectus | Homo ergaster, Africa, 1.8mya-400,000ya(??)
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| "Asian" Homo erectus | Java Man, Peking Man, Southern Asia, East Asia, 1.0mya-50,000ya(??)
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| homo heidelbergensis | Early Archaic Homo sapiens, homo antecessor, Africa, Europe, 780,000ya-100,000(?)
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| homo neaderthalensis | early archaic Homo sapiens, Homo antecessor, Africa, Europe, 780,000ya-1000,000(?)
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| Modern Homo sapiens | homo sapiens, or homo sapiens sapiens, or anatomically modern Homo sapiens, or "Cro Magnon", Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, Amricas(earliest discovery at Herto in E. Africa), 2,000ya-present
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| Homo floresiensis | Flores Island(Indonesia), 18,000ya?, Status as separate species debated
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| australopithecus anamensis | East Africa, 4.0 mya
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| homo rudolphensis | East Turkana, Kenya, larger body and brain size than H. habilis, continuous brow ridge over eyes
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| homo ergaster | east Turkana, cranial and postcranial fragments including mandiles and pelvis and long bone fragments, cranial fragments.
West Turkey, nearly complete juvenile individual, 1.78, 1,57, 1,55,1,6 mya
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| homo antecessor | Spain, Gran Dolina, Sima del Elefante, more than 80 fragments, >780,000, 1,100,000-1,200,000
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| orrorin tugenensis | Orrorin tugenensis is considered to be the second-oldest (after Sahelanthropus) known hominin ancestor that is possibly related to modern humans, and it is the only species classified in genus Orrorin. Orrorin is significant because it can be an early bip
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| Sahelanthropus tchandensis | Sahelanthropus tchadensis is an extinct hominid species that is dated to about 7 million years ago. Whether it can be regarded as part of the Hominina tree is unclear; Could be related with the other two fossil finds or they're all separate
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| homo floresiensis | Flores Island(Indonesia), 1800ya?, Status as separate species debated
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| Lascaux Cave | France, painting of ancient ox. Shows three-dimensional shape. Created by H. Sapiens during the Upper Paleolithic era.
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| cerebral cortex | a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness
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| nuchal crest/nuchal ridge | the thick, transverse crest on the occipital bone.nuchal crests can be observed in the cranial morphology of extinct hominids, most noticeably in the robust australopithecines. " For chewing.
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| What are the advantages of upright bipedalism? | These include the ability to transport food, feed in an upright, stationary position, avoid predatory attacks through better vision, better thermoregulation in tropical climates, and the ability to use tools in many different positions.
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| What are the disadvantages of bipedalism? | slow, seen by predators
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| What is the evidence for scavenging behaviors? | stone flakes to get to bone marrow, teeth marks from coarnivores on bones
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| What is the evidence for hunting behaviors? | sharp tools
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| how do we determine diet in early Homindae? | teeth, jaw, tools, body
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| What are major skeletal adaptations necessary for upright, habitual bipedalism? | forman magnum is "centered" at base of skull. s-shaped vertebral column. Hominid ilium is short and broad, pan ilium is long and narrow. attachment of gluteus minimus, g. medius., g. maximus on ilium, valgus angle, fully extended knees,
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| upright bipedalism continued | nondivergent 1st digit of foot(big toe), longitudinal arch, shortened toes
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| Confrontational | short range hunting
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| Raymond Dart |
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| Australopithecus Sediba Region | Southern Africa
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| Australopithecus Sediba Timeline | 20 mya
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| Homo Naledi Region | southern africa
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| Homo Naledi CC | 460-560cc
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| Homo Naledi habbits | Burials
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| Frontal Lobe | each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead ( including areas concerned with behavior, learning personality, and voluntary movement.)
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| Oligocene | 35 mya -25 mya
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| paleocene | 65 mya-54 mya
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| Eocene | 54mya-35mya
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| Sagittal Keel | is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal bone, or parietal bones where they meet along the sagittal suture, or on both bones.
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| phylogeny | history of evolution of a species or group
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| Pariental lobe | either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information.
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