Anatomy of Spine + Bone, Cartilage, Tendons and Ligaments
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| What is the definition of strain? | show 🗑
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| The internal resistance of a material to deformation by externally applied loads is? | show 🗑
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| The resistance of a device to deformation is? | show 🗑
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| Deformation of a material as a result of an applied load is? | show 🗑
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| The stress produced when a force acts in line (parallel) with a surface? | show 🗑
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| show | Calculating the area under the Stress/Strain curve
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| What is the endurance limit? | show 🗑
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| show | Seeing which stress/strain curve has the largest area under it.
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| show | Strain-rate dependent
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| Vicoelastic bones vary with... | show 🗑
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| Increasing the strain rate from slow to fast will... | show 🗑
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| Bone is weakest in resisting | show 🗑
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| What is kyphosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Over-curvature of Cervical and Lumbar sections of spine.
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| show | Nucleus Pulposus
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| What is the outer non-liquid part of the disc called? | show 🗑
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| show | Transverse (expand out like arms)
Spinous (expands out towards the back and covers the discs
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| show | Lower has a larger body and a spinous process
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| show | Thoracic has much larger body and more facet joints, a longer spinrous process, circular vertabral hole space.
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| Difference betwween Thoracic and Lumbar | show 🗑
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| show | Specialized membranes that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption for the spinal cord.
Layers-->Outside to inside-->Dura, arachnoid, pia (all maters)
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| show | Have 2 roots for outgoing and incoming signals
31 pairs of nerves total
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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| show | Myelinated axon-->endoneurium (cover)-->fascicle (multiple axons)-->perineurium (cover)-->blood vessels between fascicles-->epineurium (covers multiple fascicles and blood vessels)
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| show | area of skin that is correlated with a certain spinal nerve (31 in total btw). Clinically important to diagnose which spinal nerve/segment is damaged based on where the patient has lost sensation.
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| Dorsal Root vs Ventral Root | show 🗑
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| show | Stimulus travels up sensory neuron, through excitatory interneuron in the grey matter, and then motor neuron is stimulated and sends signal down ventral root towards effector muscle
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| White vs. Grey Spinal matter | show 🗑
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| Facet joints in Cervical segments | show 🗑
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| show | More twisting and bending, less bending back
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| Lumbar facet joints | show 🗑
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| 4 Components of Bone | show 🗑
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| Cortical bone | show 🗑
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| show | Cancellousor spongy, light, pores filled with marrow
structure (plate or rod) oriented in direction of loads
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| Purpose of vertebral bodies | show 🗑
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| Vertebral Structure | show 🗑
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| show | osteoblasts, making the bone less density with immobilzation
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| Bone marrow structural purpose | show 🗑
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| What is Wolff's Law? | show 🗑
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| What is a material's yield stress? | show 🗑
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| The higher the elastic modulus of a material the... | show 🗑
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| show | Ligaments are bone2bone attachments, nearly parallel bundles of collagen
Tendons are bone2muscle attachments and produce motion, parallel collagen
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| show | Carry tensile loads, provide tensile resistance, stabilize joints, restrict extreme movements of spine segments
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| show | Super elastic ligaments from lamina to lamina that help restrict flexion, lateral bending, and rotation.
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| show | Transverse ligament
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| What is bone marrow? | show 🗑
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| show | smoothish cartilage
(articular cartilage and cartilaginous endplate)
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| What is elastic cartilage? | show 🗑
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| show | Found in fibrous tissues
(Annulus Fibrosus, meniscus)
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| show | Transmits load from one bone segment to another
Allows bones to move with respect to one another (by reducing friction)
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| show | Type 2
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| What happens when cartilage undergoes stress relaxation? | show 🗑
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| Is cartilage strain rate dependent? | show 🗑
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| Facets are what type of joints? | show 🗑
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| show | facet degeneration
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| show | More flexible than hyaline
(Epiglottis, external ear)
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| show | Load transmission between vertebral bodies
absorption and distribution of load
allows motion while restrictive excessive motion
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| show | Allows for fluid movement (nutritional flow) between disc and vertebral body
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| Nucleus Pulposus | show 🗑
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| Disc cells do what? | show 🗑
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| show | Produces swelling pressure from high negative charge density
Provides stiffness, compressive resistance, and viscoelasticity
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| What does collagen inside IVD do? | show 🗑
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| show | Loss of hydration, disc narrowing, osteophyte formation, endplate sclerosis, and facet joint narrowing.
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| Where does degeneration most often occur? | show 🗑
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| show | After, the equilibrium state is reached much faster (less compressive resistance/stiffness in material)
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