translation, DNA mutation repair, gene regulation prokaryotes & eukaryotes
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| show | Translation
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| show | amino acids, mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA
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| show | Eukaryotic ribosomes are bigger and consist of more nucleotides
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| rRNA genes are____ repetitive and ___ repeated | show 🗑
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| show | adapter molecules that have anticodons that base pair with mRNA codons and carry a corresponding amino acid on their 3' end
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| show | post-transcriptionally modified bases which enhance H-bonding efficiency during translation.(about 10% of nucleotides in tRNA are modified)
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| Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase charges (activates) | show 🗑
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| show | amino acid
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| show | the small and large ribosomal subunits
GTP
charged initiator tRNA
Mg2+
initiation factors
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| Initiation of translation in bacteria requires this sequence that procedes the AUG start codon. This sequence pairs with the 16S rRNA of the 30S small ribosomal subunit | show 🗑
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| Elongation requires both ribosomal subunits assembled with the mRNA in order to form these two sites | show 🗑
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| show | polypeptide chain from the tRNA and release it from the translation complex
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| termination is signaled by a | show 🗑
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| mRNAs with several ribosomes translating at once | show 🗑
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| The eukaryotic equivalent of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence | show 🗑
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| Is protein folding co-translational? | show 🗑
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| post-translational modification consists of: | show 🗑
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| show | impart different functional capabilities based on folding; exons are proposed to encode these domains; one or more present in proteins
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| show | happens naturally; low rates; vary from species to species and gene to gene
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| show | result from the influence of an extraneous factor
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| somatic mutations | show 🗑
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| show | occur in gametes, thus making them transferable
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| autosomal mutations | show 🗑
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| show | occur within genes located on the X chromosome
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| show | one base pair is altered
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| show | change a codon;change amino acid
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| show | changes a codon into a stop codon causing premature termination of translation
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| show | alter a codon; no amino acid change
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| show | pyrimidine altered to another pyrimidine or purine altered to another purine
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| transversion | show 🗑
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| show | insertions or deletions of a base pair
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| neutral mutations | show 🗑
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| show | small insertions or deletions
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| show | can result in mutations due to anomalous base pairing
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| show | depurination; deamination
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| show | loss of a purine base
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| show | amino group in cytosine or adenine is converted to uracil and adenine is converted to hypoxanthine
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| transposons act as | show 🗑
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| show | transition mutations
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| intercalating agents | show 🗑
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| show | pyrimidine dimers which distort the DNA conformation causing replication errors
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| ionizing radiation(gamma rays,xrays,cosmic rays) | show 🗑
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| most human genetic diseases are | show 🗑
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| trinucleotide repeats | show 🗑
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| show | found in coding regions like the polyglutamic tract or in non coding regions like toxic RNAs that sequester regulatory proteins
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| show | lack glycosyltransferase activity
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| show | DNA polymerase III is able to recognize and correct errors in replication; catches 99% of errors
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| Mismatch repair | show 🗑
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| post replication repair | show 🗑
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| SOS repair system in E.Coli | show 🗑
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| show | in E.coli removes thymine dimers caused by UV light; depends on the activity of the photoreactivation enzyme(PRE)
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| Two types of excision repair | show 🗑
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| Excision repair requires three steps | show 🗑
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| show | DNA glysolyase enzymes recognize specific bases; enzyme cleaves the glycosyl bond that connects a particular recognized base to the back bone sugar, removing it from the DNA
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| Nucleotide excision repair (NER) | show 🗑
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| show | activated when both strands are cleaved; nonhomologous end joining & homologous recombinational repair are the two types
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| show | digest back the 5' ends of the broken helix; 3' ends interact with a region of undamaged sister chromatid; DNA polymerase copies the undamaged DNA sequence into the damaged strand
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| The Ames test | show 🗑
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| Inducing mutations can involve these processes | show 🗑
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| show | insert into a gene coding or regulatory region
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| show | single base pair changes, deletions, insertions
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| show | chromosomal breaks, deletions, translocations
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| show | visual or biochemical examination of large numbers of mutagenized organisms
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| show | regulating transcription
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| show | a group of genes is regulated and expressed together as a unit
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| The structural genes of the lac operon are transcribed as a | show 🗑
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| show | a cluster of functionally related genes undeer coordinated control by a single on-off "switch"
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| Three parts of the operon | show 🗑
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| show | inducible system
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| lac Z gene | show 🗑
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| show | encodes for permease which transports lactose into the bacterial cell
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| lac A gene | show 🗑
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| show | is bound by the lac repressor molecule at the operator, which blocks transcription of the lac genes
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| lac I | show 🗑
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| regulatory elements are almost always located____ | show 🗑
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| molecules that bind cis-acting sites are ______ ____ | show 🗑
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| analysis of lac expression in the absence or presence of lactose in ____ ___ ___ was used to prove the operon model for the lac operon | show 🗑
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| show | glucose, because it requires one less step of metabolism
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| show | no repressor bound at the operator and CAP must be bound at the CAP-binding site
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| show | exerts positive control of lac operon; binds the CAP-binding site and facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase at the promoter
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| Can glucose inhibit CAP? if so how? | show 🗑
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| show | crystal structure analysis
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| show | repression loop
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| binding of the ___ ___ ___ at a cis-acting site can regulate the gene cluster both positively and negatively | show 🗑
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| positive regulation | show 🗑
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| negative regulation | show 🗑
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| show | presence; the trp operon is a catabolic pathway
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| show | a conformation change in the repressor allowing it to bind to the operator of the trp operon
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| attenuator | show 🗑
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| show | 1)when tryptophan is present: transciption of leader regions still occurs but is abruptly halted before the operon genes are transcribed
2)when tryptophan is absent: transciption proceeds through the entire operon
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| show | 1) 1&2 + 3&4: transcription termination conformation
2) 2&3: non terminating conformation
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| show | hairpin
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| show | antiterminator
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| show | threonine, histidine, leucine, and phenylalanine
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| show | TRAP (trp RNA-binding attenuation protein)
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| show | terminator hairpin; antiterminator hairpin
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| uncharged tRNAtrp induces expression of the _____ gene, which sends the signal that trp is scarce | show 🗑
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| The AT protein | show 🗑
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| show | temporally. in multicellular eukaryotes these genes are also spatially regulated
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| prokaryotes ____ and ___; eukaryotes ____ and ____ | show 🗑
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| Gene regulation in eukaryotes is ___ ___ than it is in prokaryotes | show 🗑
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| show | B-cells produce immunoglobins that bind antigens; each B-cell produces only one type of immunoglobulin; variable regions allow recognition of a specific antigen
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| ___ __ in B-cells contribute to antibody diversity | show 🗑
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| random recombination: how many different LV and J regions? | show 🗑
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| two other mechanisms that increase antibody diversity are: | show 🗑
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| chromatin modification can | show 🗑
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| show | 1)histone variants
2)Histone modification
3)chromatin remodeling
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| histone modification | show 🗑
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| show | 1) acetylation by histone acetyltransferase(HAT) opens up chromatin
2)removal of acetyl groups by histone deacetylase(HDAC) closes the configuration
3)phosphorylation
4)methylation
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| show | sum of complex patterns and interactions of histone modifications that change chromatin organization and gene expression
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| show | repositioning of nucleosomes lets different chromosomal region become accessible to transcription proteins. an example is SWI/SNF
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| show | 1)altering contacts between DNA and histones
2)altering the path of the DNA around the nucleosome
3)altering the structure of the nucleosome core itself
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| DNA methylation | show 🗑
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| show | located in and near promoter sequences and adjacent to genes
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| show | a stable, mitotically and meotically heritable phenotype that results from changes in gene expression without alterations in the DNA sequence
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| three major epigenetic mechanisms | show 🗑
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| whether methylation is beneficial or detrimental depends on | show 🗑
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| transcriptionally inert regions are often found to be | show 🗑
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| methylation patterns are ____ and ___ | show 🗑
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| show | a change in the pattern of gene expression by inducing the expression of normally silent genes
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| show | 1)ope n config.=DNA is unmethylated and histones are acetylated, allowing genes to be transcribed
2)closed config.=DNA methylatted at CpG islands and histones are deacetylated. genes can't be transcribed
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Popular Genetics sets