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WVSOM -- Genetics
WVSOM -- DNA Replication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| replication | DNA Synthesis |
| Transcription | RNA synthesis |
| Translation | protein synthesis |
| When in the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? | S phase |
| Requirements for DNA replication | DNA Polymerase Mg +2 Template dNTP Primer |
| Direction of DNA replication | 5' to 3' |
| Complimentary characteristic of DNA replication | for each A of the template strand, a T is added to teh new strand, and for each G a C is added |
| DNA Polymerase | enzymes that replicate DNA by catalyzing nucleotide polymerization |
| DNA Replication Proofreading | 3'-5' exonuclease activity excises mixmatches |
| Magnesium | it is a cofactor required for replication |
| De Nova Strand | New DNA strand |
| Primer | free 3' OH on a previously existing strand A strand with a 3' OH is often reffered to as a primer |
| Bidirectional | replication in both directions from central origins of replication |
| discontinuous | lagging strand replicated in short stretches Okazaki fragments |
| Proofreading | 3' to 5' exonuclease activity that double checks for mistakes |
| dNTPs | Deoxyribonucleotides Building blocks of DNA All four are required for replication |
| complimentary | Every A is paired with a T and every G with a C Matching, mirror image sequences are called complimentary sequences |
| How many charges do A and T have? | Two specific charges |
| How many charges do G and C have? | Three |
| Semiconservative | One strand of a daughter chromosome is newly synthesized, the other template strand is inherited intact from teh parental chromosome |
| Overview of DNA Replication | Initiation Extension |
| What is the ori? | Origins of replication sequences where DNA replication begins. |
| What is a replicon? | Region of a eukaryotic chromosome that is replicated as a unit, from one central ori. |
| Where does replication begin? | At teh ori in teh center of a replicon and extends. |
| How does replication move from the replicon? | Extends in both directions until it reaches the end of an adjacent replicon |
| What is a helicase | An enzyme that unwinds DNA One of the first factors to bind to an ori |
| What are single stranded Binding Proteins? | SSB Factors that stabilize single stranded DNA by preventing it from winding back into a double helix. |
| What is a DNA Replication Apparatus? | a cluster of factors that assemble around helicase to replicate DNA. |
| What are the most important factors of DNA replication apparatus? | helicase DNA Polymerase Pol alpha Beta clamp primase |
| Beta clamp | Ring like protein that wraps aroudn DNA to stabilize the association of teh replication apparatus Required for Pol processivity Allows for greater extension |
| Leading Strand Replication | One strand is continuously synthesized in teh normal 5' - 3' direction |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that replicates the leading strand. It reads the template one base at a time incorporating complementary nucleotides, ligating their 5' phosphate to the 3' OH of the growing leading strand |
| Pol | DNA Polymerase |
| Discontinuous Replication of the Lagging Strand | Other strand is replicated discontinuously with okazaki fragments because the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is in the opposite direction |
| Primase | enzyme binds the unwound lagging strand template and transcribes a short stretch of RNA. Is a primer, providing 3' OH group required by Pol alpha |
| DNA polymerase alpha | Pol alpha This enzyme uses the RNA primer to synthesize an okazaki fragment |
| How many Okazaki fragments does Pol alpha synthesize? | one |
| How long does Pol alpha replicate the okazaki fragment? | until it reaches the primer at the end of the previous fragment. |
| What happens to the primase when the lagging strand is released? | Primase makes the next primer at th eend of the new single stranded region and the process is repeated |
| What is a consequence of unwinding by helicase? | Supercoiling increases |
| What do Topoisomerase do? | restores the DNA to the proper level of supercoiling |
| How is RNA primers removed from the lagging strand? | RNAse DNA polymerase beta DNA Ligase |
| RNAase | This enzyme digests any RNA |
| DNA Polymerase beta | This polymerase fills in gaps in DNA. It fills in the gaps left after the RNA primers are removed. Leaves nicks in teh DNA |
| DNA ligase | Binds any free 3' hydroxyls and 5' phosphates of DNA. It seals the nicks between the okazaki fragments left by the Pol beta. |
| Telomerase | Reverse transcriptase Uses RNA as a template to make DNA Fills in the gap from overhang that can't be filled in by the DNA polymerase. It also extends the length of the DNA |
Created by:
tjamrose
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