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Digestive System

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Pancreatic juice is excreted by ___ cells organized into large clusters or ___, along with mucin. ___ is also secreted by the pancreas.   show
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Most ducts travel and merge in the pancreatic duct that drains into the ___ of the duodenum.   show
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show Cholecystokinin  
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Pancreatic juice secretion is stimulated by the ___ nerve.   show
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show biliary apparatus  
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Function of the gall bladder is ___, not ___ of bile.   show
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Left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right ___ ___.   show
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Left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the ___ ___ ___.   show
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show common bile duct  
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The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the ___ ___.   show
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The structural components of a portal triad are the branches of the ___ ___ vein, ___ artery and ___ ___.   show
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What is the function of the gallbladder? To ___ and ___ bile.   show
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The function of the pancreatic acini is to secrete the ___ and ___ ___ of the pancreatic juice.   show
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show liver  
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A function of the ___ is detoxification of drugs, metabolites and poisons.   show
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show nutrients, vitamins  
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____ in the ___ synthesize blood plasma proteins like albumins, globulins and proteins for blood clotting.   show
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show phagocytic  
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The gall bladder is embedded on the ___ surface of the liver.   show
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The ___ ___ functions to collect and concentrate bile.   show
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show cystic duct  
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The gall bladder can hold ___ to ___ mL of concentrated bile.   show
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The gall bladder has three regions: the neck, with a sphincter valve to control flow, the body and the ___.   show
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show endocrine, exocrine  
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show pancreatic juices, main pancreatic  
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The head of the pancreas is wide and adjacent to the ___.   show
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The body of the pancreas is elongated and projects toward the left lateral ___ ___.   show
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show spleen  
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show portal triads  
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show hepatic sinusoids  
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show reticuloendothelial  
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show nutrients, bile  
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show bile canaliculus  
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show right  
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The liver weighs about ___ to ___kg.   show
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The liver is comprised of four incompletely separated lobes: right, left, ___ and ___   show
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show falciform ligament  
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show fetal umbilical  
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show inferior vena cava  
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The quadrate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___ ___.   show
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show hepatic lobules  
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show Hepatic lobules  
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Hepatic lobules contain cells called ___.   show
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At the periphery of each lobule of the liver there are several ___ ___.   show
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show true  
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The ___ ___vein carries blood to the liver from the GI tract, spleen and pancreas. It is rich in nutrients but poor in ___.   show
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The ___ ___ ___ splits into left and right hepatic arteries and is well oxygenated.   show
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show hepatic lobules  
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show inferior vena cava  
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The descending colon originates at the left ___ ___. It is found along the ___ side of the abdomen.   show
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The descending colon makes contact with the iliac fossa and terminates into the ___ ___.   show
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The shape of the sigmoid colon resembles the letter S. It originates at the ___ ___ and enters the pelvic cavity. Then it turns inferomedially and is suspended by the ___ ___.   show
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The ___ ___ terminates as the rectum.   show
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Muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation is the ___.   show
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show rectal valves  
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show rectum  
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The ___ ___ is the terminal few centimeters of the large intestine.   show
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show levator ani  
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show columns  
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show mucin  
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Internal and external anal sphincters open and close the anal canal during ___.   show
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The large intestine is lined with ___ ___epithelium and goblet cells, which secrete ___ to lubricate the fecal material.   show
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show teniae coli  
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The teniae coli bunch up the large intestines into many sacs, collectively called ___.   show
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show omental, epiploic  
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The ingestion of food increases peristaltic movements in the ileum, opening the ileocecal valve, called ___ reflex.   show
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The gastroileal reflex produces more: ___ movements, ___ churning and ___ movements.   show
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Peristaltic movements are weak and ___.   show
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Haustral churning: Distention with feces produces contraction for passage to the next ___ by relfex.   show
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Mass movements are powerful, peristaltic contractions involving the ___ ___ to propel feces to the rectum. They occur 2-3 times a day after a meal and are called ___ reflex.   show
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show liver, gall bladder, pancreas, biliary apparatus  
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show upper right  
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The duodenum becomes continuous with the jejunum at the ___ ___.   show
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The duodenum is connected to the liver by the ___ ___.   show
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The ___ ___ ___ is the site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum.   show
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Middle portion of the small intestine is the ___.   show
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Primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the ___.   show
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The jejunum is suspended by the ___ ___.   show
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The last segment of the small intestine is the ___.   show
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The distal end of the ileum terminates at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the ___ ___.   show
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show mesentery proper  
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Internally, the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine are thrown into folds called the ___ folds or ___ ___. They help increase surface area of absorption and delay passage.   show
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Circular folds, or plicae circulares, are more numerous in the ___ and ___ and least numerous in the ___.   show
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Microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of circular folds and microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of the ___.   show
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show venule, capillaries  
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show lacteals  
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Salivary glands produce and ___ saliva into the oral cavity.   show
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show moistens, lubricates, chemical, lysozyme, dissolves  
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Three pairs of salivary glands are located external to the oral cavity: ___, ___ and ___ glands   show
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The largest of the three salivary glands is the ___ glands. They are located anterior and inferior to the ___.   show
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The ___ salivary glands secrete 25–30% of total saliva.   show
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Chewed food mixed with saliva is a ___.   show
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show chyme  
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The digestive system is composed of two separate categories of organs: ___ and ___.   show
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Digestive organs collectively make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also called the digestive tract or the ___ ___.   show
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show oral, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine  
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___ ___ organs assist the GI tract with digestion.   show
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show teeth, tongue, salivary, liver, gall bladder, pancreas  
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The GI tract organs are as follows: ___ ___, pharynx, ___, ___, ___ ___ and ___ ___.   show
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The accessory digestive organs are not part of the long GI tube, but often develop as outgrowths of that tube. They are as follows: ___, ___, ___ ___, ___, ___ ___, ___.   show
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___ is the introduction of solid and liquid material into the oral cavity, the1st step in digesting.   show
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___ is the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules.   show
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show Mechanical  
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___ digestion breaks down of food using enzymes.   show
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Movement of materials through the tract is called ___.   show
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show peristalsis  
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show dentition  
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A tooth has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more roots that fit into dental alveoli (sockets in the ___ ___ of the ___ and the ___).   show
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Periodontal ligaments bind roots to the ___ ___ to form the gomphosis joint.   show
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show Dentin  
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Each tooth root is covered with ___.   show
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show enamel, crown  
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The center of the tooth is a cavity that contains connective tissue called ___.   show
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show apical foramen, pulp  
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show midline  
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show distal  
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show cheek  
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show labial  
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The lingual surface of teeth is the one facing the ___.   show
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show occlusal  
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show Deciduous, 20  
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show 32, Wisdom  
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show Incisors  
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___—teeth that are posterolateral to the incisors, pointed tips for puncturing and tearing   show
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___—teeth posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns with prominent ridges called cusps for crushing and grinding   show
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show Molars  
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show voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal  
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Bolus is formed and pushed superiorly against the hard palate by the tongue. Projected towards the oropharynx. Which swallowing phase is this?   show
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show pharyngeal phase  
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show esophageal phase  
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show diaphragm  
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show bolus  
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The bolus eventually is processed into a pasty soup called ___.   show
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The stomach possesses how many layers of muscle?   show
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show acids, enzymes  
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The stomach is composed of four regions: the ___, ___, ___ and ___.   show
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The stomach’s cardia is the opening at the ___ ___.   show
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show esophageal, diaphrahgm  
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show body  
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The stomach’s pylorus is divided into the pyloric ___ and the pyloric ___.   show
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The ___ ___ is the stomach’s opening with the duodenum of the small intestine.   show
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show pyloric sphincter  
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show greater, lesser  
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show gastric folds, rugae  
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show cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal  
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show cecum  
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The ___ is in the large intestine, it’s a blind sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen.   show
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show ileocecal valve  
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show lymphatic  
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show ileocecal valve  
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The ascending colon is retroperitoneal. true or false   show
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As the ascending colon approaches the inferior border of the liver, it makes a 90-degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___.   show
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show transverse colon  
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show transverse mesocolon  
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The transverse colon makes a 90-degree turn inferiorly at the spleen; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___.   show
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show inferior vena cava  
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show gall bladder  
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show porta hepatis  
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The small intestine consists of three specific segments (from proximal to distal from the stomach): ___ (___cm), ___ (___m), ___ (___m)   show
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show crypts, Lieberkuhn, secretin, cholecystokinin  
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show alkaline, duodenum  
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show small intestine  
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The diameter is of the large intestine is ___ cm vs. 2.5 cm of the small intestine.   show
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show large  
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The large intestine absorbs a large/small amount of nutrients.   show
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The ___ ___ stores the feces until defecation (expulsion of the feces).   show
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show surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine  
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Surface mucous cells secrete ___ to prevent ulceration.   show
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Mucous neck cells secrete ___ ___ to maintain acidic conditions.   show
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show intrinsic factor  
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show inactive pepsinogen  
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show gastrin  
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The ___ ___ finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients (90%).   show
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show 12  
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The ___ ___ is about 6 meters (20 feet) long in an unembalmed cadaver but much shorter in a living individual due to muscle tone.   show
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The small intestine extends from the ___ to cecum of large intestine.   show
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Blood supply and innervation of the small intestine in the ___ ___ artery and plexus.   show
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The wall of the stomach is lined by ___ ___ epithelium although little absorption occurs in the stomach.   show
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The stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called ___ ___ which have gastric gland openings.   show
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The stomach lining does not contain goblet cells, but ___ ___ cells.   show
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The muscularis of the stomach has 3 layers: ___ ___ layer, middle circular layer and outer ___ layer. It has 3 layers ddue to the fact that they need to churn and mix ___.   show
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show stomach  
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Propulsion of food along the GI tube involves two types of movement: ___ and ___   show
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___ is the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract.   show
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___is the churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions.   show
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show esophagus  
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show hiatus  
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The esophagus is approximately __ cm long, coursing anterior to the vertebral bodies.   show
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About 1.5 cm of the esophagus is in the abdomen prior to changing into the ___.   show
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show nonkeratinized stratified squamous  
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show mucous  
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show skeletal, smooth  
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show adventitia  
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show superior, inferior  
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show inhalation, air  
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show inferior  
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Three unpaired arteries supply the abdominal GI tract: the ___ ___, ___ ___ artery and ___ ___ artery   show
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show fenestrated  
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Lacteals are present in villi of the ___ ___.   show
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Lymph ducts transport lymph to the ___ ___, which drain into the thoracic duct.   show
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Lymphatic structures called MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) are found in the small intestine and appendix. These aggregate nodules are called ___ ___.   show
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show oral cavity  
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show nonkeratinized stratified squamous  
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show vestibule  
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show mandibule, maxillae  
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show cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary, teeth  
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Cheeks form the lateral wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the ___ muscles.   show
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show keratinized stratified squamous  
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The ___ (gums) cover the alveolar processes of the teeth.   show
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The internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a thin, midline mucosa fold called the ___ ___.   show
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The ___ forms the roof of the oral cavity.   show
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Extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the___, which elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the ___.   show
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The ___ represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.   show
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show palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal, palatine  
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show papillae  
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show bolus  
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show ingested  
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show mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia  
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The abdominal GI tract mucosa has 3 components: superficial epithelium, an underlying areolar connective tissue called the ___ ___ and a thin layer of smooth muscle, called the ___ ___.   show
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show lymphatic, blood vessels, nerves, mucin-secreting  
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The nerves and their associated ganglia are referred to as the ___ ___ plexus or ___ plexus.   show
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Secretion in the digestive system includes producing and releasing mucin or fluids like ___, ___ and digestive ___.   show
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show electrolytes, vitamins, lymphatics  
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The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the ___ ___.   show
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show parotid  
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The parotid salivary glands secrete ___.   show
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The ___ salivary glands reside inferior to the body of the mandible.   show
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The ___ glands produce the majority of the saliva: (60–70%)   show
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A submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a ___ in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the ___ ___.   show
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Sublingual salivary glands are ___ to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity.   show
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Each gland extends multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity just posterior to the ___ ___ ___.   show
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show sublingual salivary  
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Two types of secretory cells are found in salivary glands: ___ cells and ___ cells   show
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show hydration  
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Salivary serous cells secrete a watery fluid containing ions,___, and salivary ___.   show
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show VII  
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show IX  
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show pharynx  
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Three skeletal muscle pairs of ___ ___ (superior, middle, and inferior) form the wall of the pharynx and participate in swallowing.   show
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When pharyngeal constrictors constrict the ___ closes.   show
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show X  
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show external carotid  
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___ ___ veins drain the pharynx.   show
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Abdominopelvic cavity is covered with moist ___ membranes.   show
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The ___ peritoneum lines the inside surface of the body wall.   show
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The ___ peritoneum covers the surface of internal organs within the cavity.   show
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show potential  
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show stimulates  
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In salivary glands, sympathetic innervation produces ___ amounts of secretion.   show
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Organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ___ organs. They include the ___ and most of the small intestines.   show
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show retroperitoneal, pancreas, rectum  
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show Mesenteries, lymphatic, nerves  
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show greater omentum  
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The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the ___ to the ___.   show
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show proper  
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show mesocolon  
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show peritoneal ligament  
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Examples of peritoneal ligaments are the ___ ligament: superior surface of liver to the diaphragm and the ___ ligament: attaches liver to anterior internal abdominal wall.   show
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show inner circular, outer longitudinal  
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show smooth, skeletal  
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The stomach contains three layers of ___ muscle.   show
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show Auerbach  
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show adventitia and areolar  
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Adventitia is connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers found on ___ organs.   show
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Serosa is the same as adventitia but covered by visceral peritoneum on the ___ organs.   show
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Nerves of the digestive system are both autonomic motor and sensory; the three autonomic plexuses follow the distribution of the unpaired artery of the same name: ___ plexus, ___ ___ plexus, and ___ ___ plexus.   show
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show celiac  
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show  
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show  
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___ innervation promotes activity, gland secretion, peristalsis, and relaxes sphincters. Causes vasodilation for more blood flow.   show
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show Sympathetic  
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