Digestive System

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Question

Answer

Pancreatic juice is excreted by ___ cells organized into large clusters or ___, along with mucin. ___ is also secreted by the pancreas.

acinar, acini, bicarbonate

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Most ducts travel and merge in the pancreatic duct that drains into the ___ of the duodenum.

papilla

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___ is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in intestinal glands to promote secretion of juices.

Cholecystokinin

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Pancreatic juice secretion is stimulated by the ___ nerve.

vagus (PNS)

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The ___ ___ is a network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum.

biliary apparatus

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Function of the gall bladder is ___, not ___ of bile.

storage, production

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Left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right ___ ___.

hepatic ducts

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Left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the ___ ___ ___.

common hepatic duct

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The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct merge to form the ___ ___ ___.

common bile duct

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The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the ___ ___.

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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The structural components of a portal triad are the branches of the ___ ___ vein, ___ artery and ___ ___.

hepatic portal, hepatic, bile duct

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What is the function of the gallbladder? To ___ and ___ bile.

concentrate, store

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The function of the pancreatic acini is to secrete the ___ and ___ ___ of the pancreatic juice.

mucin, digestive enzymes

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The ___ produces bile.

liver

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A function of the ___ is detoxification of drugs, metabolites and poisons.

liver

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The liver stores excess ___ and ___.

nutrients, vitamins

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____ in the ___ synthesize blood plasma proteins like albumins, globulins and proteins for blood clotting.

Hepatocytes, liver

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The liver contains ___ cells for break down of debris and aged erythrocytes or formed elements.

phagocytic

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The gall bladder is embedded on the ___ surface of the liver.

inferior

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The ___ ___ functions to collect and concentrate bile.

gall bladder

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The ___ ___ connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct.

cystic duct

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The gall bladder can hold ___ to ___ mL of concentrated bile.

40-60

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The gall bladder has three regions: the neck, with a sphincter valve to control flow, the body and the ___.

fundus

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The pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions.

endocrine, exocrine

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The pancreas has exocrine functions that involve secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, collectively called ___ ___, into the duodenum via the ___ ___ duct.

pancreatic juices, main pancreatic

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The head of the pancreas is wide and adjacent to the ___.

duodenum

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The body of the pancreas is elongated and projects toward the left lateral ___ ___.

abdominal wall

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The tail of the pancreas tapers as it approaches the ___.

spleen

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In the liver, there are several ___ ___ around the central vein.

portal triads

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The portal triads in the liver that are located around the central vein are called ___ ___.

hepatic sinusoids

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Hepatic sinusoids are lined with ___ cells (kupffer cells) which are phagocytic cells.

reticuloendothelial

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Hepatocytes absorb ___ and form ___ that assists with the chemical digestion of fats.

nutrients, bile

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Bile is released through ___ ___ to the bile duct in the portal triad..

bile canaliculus

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The liver is located in the ___ quadrant of the abdomen.

right

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The liver weighs about ___ to ___kg.

1 to 2

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The liver is comprised of four incompletely separated lobes: right, left, ___ and ___

caudate, quadrate

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The right lobe of the liver is separated from the left lobe by the ___ ___ that secures the liver to the abdomen wall.

falciform ligament

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The round ligament in the liver is the remnant of the ___ ___ vein.

fetal umbilical

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The caudate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___ ___ ___.

inferior vena cava

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The quadrate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___ ___.

gall bladder

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A connective tissue capsule forms septa that partition the liver into ___ ___.

hepatic lobules

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___ ___ are the functional units of the liver.

Hepatic lobules

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Hepatic lobules contain cells called ___.

hepatocytes

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At the periphery of each lobule of the liver there are several ___ ___.

portal triads

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The liver has dual blood supply. True or false

true

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The ___ ___vein carries blood to the liver from the GI tract, spleen and pancreas. It is rich in nutrients but poor in ___.

hepatic portal, oxygen

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The ___ ___ ___ splits into left and right hepatic arteries and is well oxygenated.

hepatic artery proper

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The hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix in the ___ ___.

hepatic lobules

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Numerous hepatic veins drain into the ___ ___ ___.

inferior vena cava

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The descending colon originates at the left ___ ___. It is found along the ___ side of the abdomen.

colic flexure, left

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The descending colon makes contact with the iliac fossa and terminates into the ___ ___.

sigmoid colon

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The shape of the sigmoid colon resembles the letter S. It originates at the ___ ___ and enters the pelvic cavity. Then it turns inferomedially and is suspended by the ___ ___.

sigmoid flexure, sigmoid mesentery

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The ___ ___ terminates as the rectum.

sigmoid colon

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Muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation is the ___.

rectum

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Three thick, transverse folds of the rectum, called ___ ___ , ensure that fecal material is retained during the passage of gas.

rectal valves

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The ___ terminates at the anal canal.

rectum

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The ___ ___ is the terminal few centimeters of the large intestine.

anal canal

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The anal canal passes through an opening in the ___ ___ muscles of the pelvic floor.

levator ani

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Anal ___ line the internal surface of the anal canal.

columns

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Anal sinuses secrete ___ for lubrication during defecation by the pressure exerted by feces.

mucin

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Internal and external anal sphincters open and close the anal canal during ___.

defecation

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The large intestine is lined with ___ ___epithelium and goblet cells, which secrete ___ to lubricate the fecal material.

simple columnar, mucin

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Longitudinal muscle of the large intestine wall is incomplete, forming bundles called ___ ___.

teniae coli

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The teniae coli bunch up the large intestines into many sacs, collectively called ___.

haustra

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In the large intestine, extending off the external surface of the haustra, are lobules of fat called ___ appendices or ___ appendages.

omental, epiploic

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The ingestion of food increases peristaltic movements in the ileum, opening the ileocecal valve, called ___ reflex.

gastroileal

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The gastroileal reflex produces more: ___ movements, ___ churning and ___ movements.

peristaltic, haustral, mass

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Peristaltic movements are weak and ___.

sluggish

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Haustral churning: Distention with feces produces contraction for passage to the next ___ by relfex.

haustra

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Mass movements are powerful, peristaltic contractions involving the ___ ___ to propel feces to the rectum. They occur 2-3 times a day after a meal and are called ___ reflex.

teniae coli, gastrocolic

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The accessory digestive organs include the following organs that facilitate chemical digestive activities of the GI tract: ___, ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___.

liver, gall bladder, pancreas, biliary apparatus

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The duodenum is c-shaped and located in the ___ ___ quadrant.

upper right

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The duodenum becomes continuous with the jejunum at the ___ ___.

duodenojejunal flexure (midline)

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The duodenum is connected to the liver by the ___ ___.

lesser omentum

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The ___ ___ ___ is the site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum.

major duodenal papilla

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Middle portion of the small intestine is the ___.

jejunum

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Primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the ___.

jejunum

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The jejunum is suspended by the ___ ___.

mesentery proper

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The last segment of the small intestine is the ___.

ileum

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The distal end of the ileum terminates at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the ___ ___.

large intestine

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The ileum is suspended by the ___ ___.

mesentery proper

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Internally, the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine are thrown into folds called the ___ folds or ___ ___. They help increase surface area of absorption and delay passage.

circular, plicae circulares

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Circular folds, or plicae circulares, are more numerous in the ___ and ___ and least numerous in the ___.

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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Microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of circular folds and microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of the ___.

villi, microvilli, villi

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Each villi in the small intestine contains an arteriole, a ___, and ___ for absorption.

venule, capillaries

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In the small intestine, ___ at the center of the villus, are responsible for absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, too large to be absorbed by capillaries.

lacteals

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Salivary glands produce and ___ saliva into the oral cavity.

secrete

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Saliva’s functions: ___ ingested materials to become a bolus, moistens, cleanses, and ___ the oral cavity, ___ digestion of ingested materials, antibacterial action containing ___, ___ materials so taste receptors on tongue can be stimulated.

moistens, lubricates, chemical, lysozyme, dissolves

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Three pairs of salivary glands are located external to the oral cavity: ___, ___ and ___ glands

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

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The largest of the three salivary glands is the ___ glands. They are located anterior and inferior to the ___.

parotid, ear

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The ___ salivary glands secrete 25–30% of total saliva.

parotid

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Chewed food mixed with saliva is a ___.

bolus

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Bolus processed by the stomach is ___.

chyme

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The digestive system is composed of two separate categories of organs: ___ and ___.

digestive, accessory

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Digestive organs collectively make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also called the digestive tract or the ___ ___.

alimentary canal

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Digestive organs are: ___ cavity, ___, ___, ___, small intestine, ___ ___.

oral, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine

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___ ___ organs assist the GI tract with digestion.

Accessory digestive

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Accessory digestive organs include: ___, ___, ___ glands, ___, ___ ___ and ___.

teeth, tongue, salivary, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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The GI tract organs are as follows: ___ ___, pharynx, ___, ___, ___ ___ and ___ ___.

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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The accessory digestive organs are not part of the long GI tube, but often develop as outgrowths of that tube. They are as follows: ___, ___, ___ ___, ___, ___ ___, ___.

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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___ is the introduction of solid and liquid material into the oral cavity, the1st step in digesting.

Ingestion

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___ is the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules.

Digestion

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___ digestion physically breaks down pieces.

Mechanical

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___ digestion breaks down of food using enzymes.

Chemical

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Movement of materials through the tract is called ___.

propulsion

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Muscular contraction is also called ___.

peristalsis

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The teeth are collectively known as the ___.

dentition

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A tooth has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more roots that fit into dental alveoli (sockets in the ___ ___ of the ___ and the ___).

alveolar processes, maxillae, mandibule

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Periodontal ligaments bind roots to the ___ ___ to form the gomphosis joint.

alveolar process

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___ forms the primary mass of the tooth. It is harder than bone.

Dentin

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Each tooth root is covered with ___.

cementum

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The external surface of the dentin is covered with a layer of ___ (hardest substance of the body) that forms the ___ of the tooth.

enamel, crown

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The center of the tooth is a cavity that contains connective tissue called ___.

pulp

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A root canal opens into the connective tissue through an opening called the ___ ___. Blood vessels and nerves pass through this opening and are housed in the ___.

apical foramen, pulp

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The mesial surface of teeth is the one closest to the ___.

midline

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The ___ surface of teeth is farthest from the midline.

distal

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The buccal surface of teeth is adjacent to the ___.

cheek

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The ___ surface of teeth is adjacent to the lip.

labial

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The lingual surface of teeth is the one facing the ___.

tongue

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Superior and inferior surfaces of teeth meet at the ___ surface.

occlusal

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___ teeth erupt between 6–30 months, ___ in number, and often called milk teeth.

Deciduous, 20

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Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth, ___ in number. Anteriorly placed teeth tend to appear first. ___ teeth are last to appear.

32, Wisdom

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___—most anteriorly placed teeth, shaped like chisels, and have a single root

Incisors

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___—teeth that are posterolateral to the incisors, pointed tips for puncturing and tearing

Canines

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___—teeth posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns with prominent ridges called cusps for crushing and grinding

Premolars

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___—thickest and most posterior teeth, also adapted for crushing and grinding of ingested materials

Molars

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There are three phases of swallowing: ___, ___ and ___.

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

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Bolus is formed and pushed superiorly against the hard palate by the tongue. Projected towards the oropharynx. Which swallowing phase is this?

voluntary phase

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Bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage. Larynx elevates towards epiglottis. Which swallowing phase is this?

pharyngeal phase

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Involuntary. Bolus passes through esophagus (5-8sec) into the stomach. Which swallowing phase is this?

esophageal phase

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The stomach is in the upper left quadrant of abdomen, inferior to the ___.

diaphragm

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The stomach continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of the ___.

bolus

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The bolus eventually is processed into a pasty soup called ___.

chyme

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The stomach possesses how many layers of muscle?

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The stomach secretes ___ and ___.

acids, enzymes

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The stomach is composed of four regions: the ___, ___, ___ and ___.

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

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The stomach’s cardia is the opening at the ___ ___.

cardiac orifice

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The stomach’s fundus is superior to the ___ opening and is adjacent to the ___.

esophageal, diaphrahgm

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The largest region of the stomach is it’s ___.

body

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The stomach’s pylorus is divided into the pyloric ___ and the pyloric ___.

antrum, canal

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The ___ ___ is the stomach’s opening with the duodenum of the small intestine.

pyloric orifice

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The ___ ___ is the thick ring of circular smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric orifice.

pyloric sphincter

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The inferior border of the stomach is the ___ curvature and the superior border is the ___ curvature.

greater, lesser

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The internal surface of the stomach is thrown into folds called ___ ___ or ___.

gastric folds, rugae

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The large intestine is comprised of the following structures: ___, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ and ___ ___.

cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal

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First part of large intestine is the ___.

cecum

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The ___ is in the large intestine, it’s a blind sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen.

cecum

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The cecum extends inferiorly from the ___ ___. It represents the junction between the small intestine and large intestine.

ileocecal valve

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The vermiform appendix is lined with ___ nodules.

lymphatic

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The ascending colon originates at the ___ ___ and extends along the right side of abdomen.

ileocecal valve

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The ascending colon is retroperitoneal. true or false

true

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As the ascending colon approaches the inferior border of the liver, it makes a 90-degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___.

right colic flexure, hepatic flexure

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The ___ ___ originates at the right colic flexure and approaches the spleen in the upper left abdominal quadrant.

transverse colon

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The transverse colon is suspended by the ___ ___.

transverse mesocolon

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The transverse colon makes a 90-degree turn inferiorly at the spleen; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___.

left colic flexure, splenic flexure

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The ___ ___ ___ and ligamentum venosum form the inferior vertical parts of the liver.

inferior vena cava

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In the liver, the ___ ___ and round ligament form the superior vertical parts.

gall bladder

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The ___ ___ in the liver represents the horizontal crossbar; this is where the blood vessels (hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper) and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter and leave the liver.

porta hepatis

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The small intestine consists of three specific segments (from proximal to distal from the stomach): ___ (___cm), ___ (___m), ___ (___m)

duodenum, 25m (10 inches), jejunum, 2.5m (7.5 feet), ileum, 3.6m (10.8 feet)

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The small intestine has intestinal glands or ___ of ___. They are enteroendocrine cells that release___, ___, gastric inhibitory peptide (prolong time of stomach emptying) and goblet cells.

crypts, Lieberkuhn, secretin, cholecystokinin

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Brunner glands in the small intestine release ___ mucus to protect ___ from acids.

alkaline, duodenum

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The large intestine forms a three-sided perimeter around the centrally located ___ ___.

small intestine

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The diameter is of the large intestine is ___ cm vs. 2.5 cm of the small intestine.

6.5

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The ___ intestine absorbs fluids and ions and compacts undigestible wastes and solidifies them into feces.

large

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The large intestine absorbs a large/small amount of nutrients.

very small

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The ___ ___ stores the feces until defecation (expulsion of the feces).

large intestine

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5 types of secretory cells form gastric epithelium: ___ ___ cells, ___ ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells.

surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine

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Surface mucous cells secrete ___ to prevent ulceration.

mucin

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Mucous neck cells secrete ___ ___ to maintain acidic conditions.

acidic mucin

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Parietal cells, HCl secreted for chemical digestion of proteins, secretes ___ ___ to absorb B12 in the ileum.

intrinsic factor

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Chief cells secrete ___ ___ to be activated by the HCl into pepsin who digests denatured proteins.

inactive pepsinogen

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Enteroendocrine cells secrete ___ that enters blood to stimulate secretion of chief and parietal cells.

gastrin

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The ___ ___ finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients (90%).

small intestine

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Ingested materials spend at least ___ hours in the small intestine while chemical digestion and absorption are completed.

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The ___ ___ is about 6 meters (20 feet) long in an unembalmed cadaver but much shorter in a living individual due to muscle tone.

small intestine

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The small intestine extends from the ___ to cecum of large intestine.

pylorus

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Blood supply and innervation of the small intestine in the ___ ___ artery and plexus.

superior mesenteric

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The wall of the stomach is lined by ___ ___ epithelium although little absorption occurs in the stomach.

simple columnar

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The stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called ___ ___ which have gastric gland openings.

gastric pits

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The stomach lining does not contain goblet cells, but ___ ___ cells.

surface mucous

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The muscularis of the stomach has 3 layers: ___ ___ layer, middle circular layer and outer ___ layer. It has 3 layers ddue to the fact that they need to churn and mix ___.

inner oblique, longitudinal, bolus

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Along and at the base of the gastric pits are openings of gastric glands that secrete products into the ___.

stomach

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Propulsion of food along the GI tube involves two types of movement: ___ and ___

peristalsis, segmentation

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___ is the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract.

Peristalsis

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___is the churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions.

Segmentation

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A tubular passageway that conducts ingested materials from the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

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The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal ___ as it connects to the stomach.

hiatus

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The esophagus is approximately __ cm long, coursing anterior to the vertebral bodies.

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About 1.5 cm of the esophagus is in the abdomen prior to changing into the ___.

stomach

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The esophagus is made of thick ___ ___ ___ epithelium.

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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The esophagus has a thick submucosa, abundant elastic fibers and abundant ___ glands.

mucous

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The muscular is of the esophagus, it has an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. Contains a blend of ___ and ___ fibers.

skeletal, smooth

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The outermost layer of the esophagus is the ___.

adventitia

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The esophagus has two sphincters: ___ and ___ esophageal sphincter

superior, inferior

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Superior esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus; it closes during ___ preventing ___ from entering the GI tract.

inhalation, air

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The inferior/superior esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach; along with the esophageal opening of the diaphragm, prevents materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus.

inferior

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Three unpaired arteries supply the abdominal GI tract: the ___ ___, ___ ___ artery and ___ ___ artery

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

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Branches travel within the GI tunics and mucosa contains capillaries with ___ endothelial cells.

fenestrated

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Lacteals are present in villi of the ___ ___.

small intestine

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Lymph ducts transport lymph to the ___ ___, which drain into the thoracic duct.

cisterna chyli

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Lymphatic structures called MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) are found in the small intestine and appendix. These aggregate nodules are called ___ ___.

Peyer patches

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Initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion is the ___ ___.

oral cavity

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The oral cavity is lined with ___ ___ ___ epithelium lining for abrasive activities and moistened by saliva.

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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Space between the cheeks or lips and gums in the oral cavity is the ___.

vestibule

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Oral cavity proper: Central to the alveolar processes of ___ and ___.

mandibule, maxillae

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The oral cavity contains the following: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ glands, and ___

cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary, teeth

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Cheeks form the lateral wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the ___ muscles.

buccinator

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Lips are lined with ___ ___ ___ epithelium.

keratinized stratified squamous

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The ___ (gums) cover the alveolar processes of the teeth.

gingivae

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The internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a thin, midline mucosa fold called the ___ ___.

labial frenulum

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The ___ forms the roof of the oral cavity.

palate

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Extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the___, which elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the ___.

uvula ,nasopharynx

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The ___ represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.

fauces

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The fauces are bounded laterally by paired muscular folds: ___ and ___ arches. The ___ tonsils are housed here.

palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal, palatine

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Superior surface of the tongue is covered by ___

papillae

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The tongue manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials into a ___.

bolus

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A bolus is a globular mass of ___ materials that can be more easily swallowed.

ingested

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The wall of the GI tract from the esophagus to the large intestine is composed of 4 concentric tunics. From deep (in contact with ingested materials) to superficial (external covering) they are: ___, ___, ___, and ___ or serosa

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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The abdominal GI tract mucosa has 3 components: superficial epithelium, an underlying areolar connective tissue called the ___ ___ and a thin layer of smooth muscle, called the ___ ___.

lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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The submucosa in the wall of the abdominal GI tract is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It’s components include: ___ ducts, ___ ___, ___, ___-___ glands

lymphatic, blood vessels, nerves, mucin-secreting

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The nerves and their associated ganglia are referred to as the ___ ___ plexus or ___ plexus.

submucosal nerve, Meissner plexus

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Secretion in the digestive system includes producing and releasing mucin or fluids like ___, ___ and digestive ___.

acid, bile, enzymes

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Absorption in the digestive system means the passive or active movement of ___, digestion products, ___ and water across the epithelium into GI tract, blood vessels and ___.

electrolytes, vitamins, lymphatics

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The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the ___ ___.

lingual frenulum

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The ___ duct runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the buccinator muscle just opposite, opening near the second upper molar.

parotid

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The parotid salivary glands secrete ___.

amylase

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The ___ salivary glands reside inferior to the body of the mandible.

submandibular

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The ___ glands produce the majority of the saliva: (60–70%)

submandibular

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A submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a ___ in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the ___ ___.

papilla, lingual frenulum

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Sublingual salivary glands are ___ to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity.

inferior

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Each gland extends multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity just posterior to the ___ ___ ___.

submandibular duct papilla

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___ ___ glands contribute only 3–5% of total saliva.

sublingual salivary

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Two types of secretory cells are found in salivary glands: ___ cells and ___ cells

mucous, serous

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Salivary mucous cells secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon ___.

hydration

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Salivary serous cells secrete a watery fluid containing ions,___, and salivary ___.

lysozyme, amylase

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Submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by CN ___.

VII

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Salivary parotid gland innervated by CN ___.

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The ___ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

pharynx

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Three skeletal muscle pairs of ___ ___ (superior, middle, and inferior) form the wall of the pharynx and participate in swallowing.

pharyngeal constrictors

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When pharyngeal constrictors constrict the ___ closes.

epiglottis

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CN___ innervates most pharyngeal muscles.

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Branches of ___ ___ arteries supply the pharynx.

external carotid

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___ ___ veins drain the pharynx.

Internal jugular

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Abdominopelvic cavity is covered with moist ___ membranes.

serous

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The ___ peritoneum lines the inside surface of the body wall.

parietal

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The ___ peritoneum covers the surface of internal organs within the cavity.

visceral

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Peritoneal cavity is ___ space between layers.

potential

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In salivary glands, parasympathetic innervation ___ secretion.

stimulates

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In salivary glands, sympathetic innervation produces ___ amounts of secretion.

normal

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Organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ___ organs. They include the ___ and most of the small intestines.

intraperitoneal, stomach

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Organs that lie in direct contact with posterior abdominal & pelvic walls & are only covered on anterolateral surfaces with visceral peritoneum: ___ organs. Examples are the ___, ascending and descending colon of the large intestines, and the ___.

retroperitoneal, pancreas, rectum

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___ are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs. Blood vessels, ___ vessels, and ___ are sandwiched between the two folds and supply the digestive organs.

Mesenteries, lymphatic, nerves

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The mesentery called the ___ ___ extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs.

greater omentum

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The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the ___ to the ___.

duodenum, liver

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The mesentery ___ suspends most of the small intestines from the posterior abdominal wall.

proper

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The ___ is a peritoneal fold that attaches parts of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.

mesocolon

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The abdominal cavity ___ ___ is a fold that attaches one organ to another, or an organ to the anterior or lateral abdominal wall.

peritoneal ligament

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Examples of peritoneal ligaments are the ___ ligament: superior surface of liver to the diaphragm and the ___ ligament: attaches liver to anterior internal abdominal wall.

coronary, falciform

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The muscularis has two layers of smooth muscle: ___ ___ layer (constricts the lumen and forms sphincters when thickened) and ___ ___ layer (shortens the tube)

inner circular, outer longitudinal

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The esophagus has a mix of both ___ and ___ muscle.

smooth, skeletal

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The stomach contains three layers of ___ muscle.

smooth

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Nerve fibers and associated ganglia between the two layers of the muscularis muscles are called the mysenteric nerve plexus or the ___ plexus.

Auerbach

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The outermost layer of the tunics of the abdominal GI tract can be made of 2 types:

adventitia and areolar

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Adventitia is connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers found on ___ organs.

retroperitoneal

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Serosa is the same as adventitia but covered by visceral peritoneum on the ___ organs.

intraperitoneal

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Nerves of the digestive system are both autonomic motor and sensory; the three autonomic plexuses follow the distribution of the unpaired artery of the same name: ___ plexus, ___ ___ plexus, and ___ ___ plexus.

celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

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The ___ plexus contains sympathetic axons (T5-T9) and parasympathetic axons (vagus).

celiac

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The superior mesenteric plexus contains sympathetic axons (T8-T12) and parasympathetic axons (vagus).

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Inferior mesenteric plexus contains sympathetic axons (L1-L2), and parasympathetic axons (pelvic splanchnic nerves).

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___ innervation promotes activity, gland secretion, peristalsis, and relaxes sphincters. Causes vasodilation for more blood flow.

Parasympathetic

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___ innervation inhibits digestive activity.

Sympathetic

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