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CH26
Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pancreatic juice is excreted by ___ cells organized into large clusters or ___, along with mucin. ___ is also secreted by the pancreas. | acinar, acini, bicarbonate |
| Most ducts travel and merge in the pancreatic duct that drains into the ___ of the duodenum. | papilla |
| ___ is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in intestinal glands to promote secretion of juices. | Cholecystokinin |
| Pancreatic juice secretion is stimulated by the ___ nerve. | vagus (PNS) |
| The ___ ___ is a network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum. | biliary apparatus |
| Function of the gall bladder is ___, not ___ of bile. | storage, production |
| Left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right ___ ___. | hepatic ducts |
| Left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the ___ ___ ___. | common hepatic duct |
| The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct merge to form the ___ ___ ___. | common bile duct |
| The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the ___ ___. | hepatopancreatic ampulla |
| The structural components of a portal triad are the branches of the ___ ___ vein, ___ artery and ___ ___. | hepatic portal, hepatic, bile duct |
| What is the function of the gallbladder? To ___ and ___ bile. | concentrate, store |
| The function of the pancreatic acini is to secrete the ___ and ___ ___ of the pancreatic juice. | mucin, digestive enzymes |
| The ___ produces bile. | liver |
| A function of the ___ is detoxification of drugs, metabolites and poisons. | liver |
| The liver stores excess ___ and ___. | nutrients, vitamins |
| ____ in the ___ synthesize blood plasma proteins like albumins, globulins and proteins for blood clotting. | Hepatocytes, liver |
| The liver contains ___ cells for break down of debris and aged erythrocytes or formed elements. | phagocytic |
| The gall bladder is embedded on the ___ surface of the liver. | inferior |
| The ___ ___ functions to collect and concentrate bile. | gall bladder |
| The ___ ___ connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct. | cystic duct |
| The gall bladder can hold ___ to ___ mL of concentrated bile. | 40-60 |
| The gall bladder has three regions: the neck, with a sphincter valve to control flow, the body and the ___. | fundus |
| The pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions. | endocrine, exocrine |
| The pancreas has exocrine functions that involve secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, collectively called ___ ___, into the duodenum via the ___ ___ duct. | pancreatic juices, main pancreatic |
| The head of the pancreas is wide and adjacent to the ___. | duodenum |
| The body of the pancreas is elongated and projects toward the left lateral ___ ___. | abdominal wall |
| The tail of the pancreas tapers as it approaches the ___. | spleen |
| In the liver, there are several ___ ___ around the central vein. | portal triads |
| The portal triads in the liver that are located around the central vein are called ___ ___. | hepatic sinusoids |
| Hepatic sinusoids are lined with ___ cells (kupffer cells) which are phagocytic cells. | reticuloendothelial |
| Hepatocytes absorb ___ and form ___ that assists with the chemical digestion of fats. | nutrients, bile |
| Bile is released through ___ ___ to the bile duct in the portal triad.. | bile canaliculus |
| The liver is located in the ___ quadrant of the abdomen. | right |
| The liver weighs about ___ to ___kg. | 1 to 2 |
| The liver is comprised of four incompletely separated lobes: right, left, ___ and ___ | caudate, quadrate |
| The right lobe of the liver is separated from the left lobe by the ___ ___ that secures the liver to the abdomen wall. | falciform ligament |
| The round ligament in the liver is the remnant of the ___ ___ vein. | fetal umbilical |
| The caudate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___ ___ ___. | inferior vena cava |
| The quadrate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___ ___. | gall bladder |
| A connective tissue capsule forms septa that partition the liver into ___ ___. | hepatic lobules |
| ___ ___ are the functional units of the liver. | Hepatic lobules |
| Hepatic lobules contain cells called ___. | hepatocytes |
| At the periphery of each lobule of the liver there are several ___ ___. | portal triads |
| The liver has dual blood supply. True or false | true |
| The ___ ___vein carries blood to the liver from the GI tract, spleen and pancreas. It is rich in nutrients but poor in ___. | hepatic portal, oxygen |
| The ___ ___ ___ splits into left and right hepatic arteries and is well oxygenated. | hepatic artery proper |
| The hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix in the ___ ___. | hepatic lobules |
| Numerous hepatic veins drain into the ___ ___ ___. | inferior vena cava |
| The descending colon originates at the left ___ ___. It is found along the ___ side of the abdomen. | colic flexure, left |
| The descending colon makes contact with the iliac fossa and terminates into the ___ ___. | sigmoid colon |
| The shape of the sigmoid colon resembles the letter S. It originates at the ___ ___ and enters the pelvic cavity. Then it turns inferomedially and is suspended by the ___ ___. | sigmoid flexure, sigmoid mesentery |
| The ___ ___ terminates as the rectum. | sigmoid colon |
| Muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation is the ___. | rectum |
| Three thick, transverse folds of the rectum, called ___ ___ , ensure that fecal material is retained during the passage of gas. | rectal valves |
| The ___ terminates at the anal canal. | rectum |
| The ___ ___ is the terminal few centimeters of the large intestine. | anal canal |
| The anal canal passes through an opening in the ___ ___ muscles of the pelvic floor. | levator ani |
| Anal ___ line the internal surface of the anal canal. | columns |
| Anal sinuses secrete ___ for lubrication during defecation by the pressure exerted by feces. | mucin |
| Internal and external anal sphincters open and close the anal canal during ___. | defecation |
| The large intestine is lined with ___ ___epithelium and goblet cells, which secrete ___ to lubricate the fecal material. | simple columnar, mucin |
| Longitudinal muscle of the large intestine wall is incomplete, forming bundles called ___ ___. | teniae coli |
| The teniae coli bunch up the large intestines into many sacs, collectively called ___. | haustra |
| In the large intestine, extending off the external surface of the haustra, are lobules of fat called ___ appendices or ___ appendages. | omental, epiploic |
| The ingestion of food increases peristaltic movements in the ileum, opening the ileocecal valve, called ___ reflex. | gastroileal |
| The gastroileal reflex produces more: ___ movements, ___ churning and ___ movements. | peristaltic, haustral, mass |
| Peristaltic movements are weak and ___. | sluggish |
| Haustral churning: Distention with feces produces contraction for passage to the next ___ by relfex. | haustra |
| Mass movements are powerful, peristaltic contractions involving the ___ ___ to propel feces to the rectum. They occur 2-3 times a day after a meal and are called ___ reflex. | teniae coli, gastrocolic |
| The accessory digestive organs include the following organs that facilitate chemical digestive activities of the GI tract: ___, ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___. | liver, gall bladder, pancreas, biliary apparatus |
| The duodenum is c-shaped and located in the ___ ___ quadrant. | upper right |
| The duodenum becomes continuous with the jejunum at the ___ ___. | duodenojejunal flexure (midline) |
| The duodenum is connected to the liver by the ___ ___. | lesser omentum |
| The ___ ___ ___ is the site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum. | major duodenal papilla |
| Middle portion of the small intestine is the ___. | jejunum |
| Primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the ___. | jejunum |
| The jejunum is suspended by the ___ ___. | mesentery proper |
| The last segment of the small intestine is the ___. | ileum |
| The distal end of the ileum terminates at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the ___ ___. | large intestine |
| The ileum is suspended by the ___ ___. | mesentery proper |
| Internally, the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine are thrown into folds called the ___ folds or ___ ___. They help increase surface area of absorption and delay passage. | circular, plicae circulares |
| Circular folds, or plicae circulares, are more numerous in the ___ and ___ and least numerous in the ___. | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of circular folds and microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of the ___. | villi, microvilli, villi |
| Each villi in the small intestine contains an arteriole, a ___, and ___ for absorption. | venule, capillaries |
| In the small intestine, ___ at the center of the villus, are responsible for absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, too large to be absorbed by capillaries. | lacteals |
| Salivary glands produce and ___ saliva into the oral cavity. | secrete |
| Saliva’s functions: ___ ingested materials to become a bolus, moistens, cleanses, and ___ the oral cavity, ___ digestion of ingested materials, antibacterial action containing ___, ___ materials so taste receptors on tongue can be stimulated. | moistens, lubricates, chemical, lysozyme, dissolves |
| Three pairs of salivary glands are located external to the oral cavity: ___, ___ and ___ glands | parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| The largest of the three salivary glands is the ___ glands. They are located anterior and inferior to the ___. | parotid, ear |
| The ___ salivary glands secrete 25–30% of total saliva. | parotid |
| Chewed food mixed with saliva is a ___. | bolus |
| Bolus processed by the stomach is ___. | chyme |
| The digestive system is composed of two separate categories of organs: ___ and ___. | digestive, accessory |
| Digestive organs collectively make up the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also called the digestive tract or the ___ ___. | alimentary canal |
| Digestive organs are: ___ cavity, ___, ___, ___, small intestine, ___ ___. | oral, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine |
| ___ ___ organs assist the GI tract with digestion. | Accessory digestive |
| Accessory digestive organs include: ___, ___, ___ glands, ___, ___ ___ and ___. | teeth, tongue, salivary, liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
| The GI tract organs are as follows: ___ ___, pharynx, ___, ___, ___ ___ and ___ ___. | oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
| The accessory digestive organs are not part of the long GI tube, but often develop as outgrowths of that tube. They are as follows: ___, ___, ___ ___, ___, ___ ___, ___. | teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
| ___ is the introduction of solid and liquid material into the oral cavity, the1st step in digesting. | Ingestion |
| ___ is the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules. | Digestion |
| ___ digestion physically breaks down pieces. | Mechanical |
| ___ digestion breaks down of food using enzymes. | Chemical |
| Movement of materials through the tract is called ___. | propulsion |
| Muscular contraction is also called ___. | peristalsis |
| The teeth are collectively known as the ___. | dentition |
| A tooth has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more roots that fit into dental alveoli (sockets in the ___ ___ of the ___ and the ___). | alveolar processes, maxillae, mandibule |
| Periodontal ligaments bind roots to the ___ ___ to form the gomphosis joint. | alveolar process |
| ___ forms the primary mass of the tooth. It is harder than bone. | Dentin |
| Each tooth root is covered with ___. | cementum |
| The external surface of the dentin is covered with a layer of ___ (hardest substance of the body) that forms the ___ of the tooth. | enamel, crown |
| The center of the tooth is a cavity that contains connective tissue called ___. | pulp |
| A root canal opens into the connective tissue through an opening called the ___ ___. Blood vessels and nerves pass through this opening and are housed in the ___. | apical foramen, pulp |
| The mesial surface of teeth is the one closest to the ___. | midline |
| The ___ surface of teeth is farthest from the midline. | distal |
| The buccal surface of teeth is adjacent to the ___. | cheek |
| The ___ surface of teeth is adjacent to the lip. | labial |
| The lingual surface of teeth is the one facing the ___. | tongue |
| Superior and inferior surfaces of teeth meet at the ___ surface. | occlusal |
| ___ teeth erupt between 6–30 months, ___ in number, and often called milk teeth. | Deciduous, 20 |
| Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth, ___ in number. Anteriorly placed teeth tend to appear first. ___ teeth are last to appear. | 32, Wisdom |
| ___—most anteriorly placed teeth, shaped like chisels, and have a single root | Incisors |
| ___—teeth that are posterolateral to the incisors, pointed tips for puncturing and tearing | Canines |
| ___—teeth posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns with prominent ridges called cusps for crushing and grinding | Premolars |
| ___—thickest and most posterior teeth, also adapted for crushing and grinding of ingested materials | Molars |
| There are three phases of swallowing: ___, ___ and ___. | voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal |
| Bolus is formed and pushed superiorly against the hard palate by the tongue. Projected towards the oropharynx. Which swallowing phase is this? | voluntary phase |
| Bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage. Larynx elevates towards epiglottis. Which swallowing phase is this? | pharyngeal phase |
| Involuntary. Bolus passes through esophagus (5-8sec) into the stomach. Which swallowing phase is this? | esophageal phase |
| The stomach is in the upper left quadrant of abdomen, inferior to the ___. | diaphragm |
| The stomach continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of the ___. | bolus |
| The bolus eventually is processed into a pasty soup called ___. | chyme |
| The stomach possesses how many layers of muscle? | 3 |
| The stomach secretes ___ and ___. | acids, enzymes |
| The stomach is composed of four regions: the ___, ___, ___ and ___. | cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
| The stomach’s cardia is the opening at the ___ ___. | cardiac orifice |
| The stomach’s fundus is superior to the ___ opening and is adjacent to the ___. | esophageal, diaphrahgm |
| The largest region of the stomach is it’s ___. | body |
| The stomach’s pylorus is divided into the pyloric ___ and the pyloric ___. | antrum, canal |
| The ___ ___ is the stomach’s opening with the duodenum of the small intestine. | pyloric orifice |
| The ___ ___ is the thick ring of circular smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric orifice. | pyloric sphincter |
| The inferior border of the stomach is the ___ curvature and the superior border is the ___ curvature. | greater, lesser |
| The internal surface of the stomach is thrown into folds called ___ ___ or ___. | gastric folds, rugae |
| The large intestine is comprised of the following structures: ___, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ and ___ ___. | cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal |
| First part of large intestine is the ___. | cecum |
| The ___ is in the large intestine, it’s a blind sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen. | cecum |
| The cecum extends inferiorly from the ___ ___. It represents the junction between the small intestine and large intestine. | ileocecal valve |
| The vermiform appendix is lined with ___ nodules. | lymphatic |
| The ascending colon originates at the ___ ___ and extends along the right side of abdomen. | ileocecal valve |
| The ascending colon is retroperitoneal. true or false | true |
| As the ascending colon approaches the inferior border of the liver, it makes a 90-degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___. | right colic flexure, hepatic flexure |
| The ___ ___ originates at the right colic flexure and approaches the spleen in the upper left abdominal quadrant. | transverse colon |
| The transverse colon is suspended by the ___ ___. | transverse mesocolon |
| The transverse colon makes a 90-degree turn inferiorly at the spleen; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___. | left colic flexure, splenic flexure |
| The ___ ___ ___ and ligamentum venosum form the inferior vertical parts of the liver. | inferior vena cava |
| In the liver, the ___ ___ and round ligament form the superior vertical parts. | gall bladder |
| The ___ ___ in the liver represents the horizontal crossbar; this is where the blood vessels (hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper) and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter and leave the liver. | porta hepatis |
| The small intestine consists of three specific segments (from proximal to distal from the stomach): ___ (___cm), ___ (___m), ___ (___m) | duodenum, 25m (10 inches), jejunum, 2.5m (7.5 feet), ileum, 3.6m (10.8 feet) |
| The small intestine has intestinal glands or ___ of ___. They are enteroendocrine cells that release___, ___, gastric inhibitory peptide (prolong time of stomach emptying) and goblet cells. | crypts, Lieberkuhn, secretin, cholecystokinin |
| Brunner glands in the small intestine release ___ mucus to protect ___ from acids. | alkaline, duodenum |
| The large intestine forms a three-sided perimeter around the centrally located ___ ___. | small intestine |
| The diameter is of the large intestine is ___ cm vs. 2.5 cm of the small intestine. | 6.5 |
| The ___ intestine absorbs fluids and ions and compacts undigestible wastes and solidifies them into feces. | large |
| The large intestine absorbs a large/small amount of nutrients. | very small |
| The ___ ___ stores the feces until defecation (expulsion of the feces). | large intestine |
| 5 types of secretory cells form gastric epithelium: ___ ___ cells, ___ ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells. | surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine |
| Surface mucous cells secrete ___ to prevent ulceration. | mucin |
| Mucous neck cells secrete ___ ___ to maintain acidic conditions. | acidic mucin |
| Parietal cells, HCl secreted for chemical digestion of proteins, secretes ___ ___ to absorb B12 in the ileum. | intrinsic factor |
| Chief cells secrete ___ ___ to be activated by the HCl into pepsin who digests denatured proteins. | inactive pepsinogen |
| Enteroendocrine cells secrete ___ that enters blood to stimulate secretion of chief and parietal cells. | gastrin |
| The ___ ___ finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients (90%). | small intestine |
| Ingested materials spend at least ___ hours in the small intestine while chemical digestion and absorption are completed. | 12 |
| The ___ ___ is about 6 meters (20 feet) long in an unembalmed cadaver but much shorter in a living individual due to muscle tone. | small intestine |
| The small intestine extends from the ___ to cecum of large intestine. | pylorus |
| Blood supply and innervation of the small intestine in the ___ ___ artery and plexus. | superior mesenteric |
| The wall of the stomach is lined by ___ ___ epithelium although little absorption occurs in the stomach. | simple columnar |
| The stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called ___ ___ which have gastric gland openings. | gastric pits |
| The stomach lining does not contain goblet cells, but ___ ___ cells. | surface mucous |
| The muscularis of the stomach has 3 layers: ___ ___ layer, middle circular layer and outer ___ layer. It has 3 layers ddue to the fact that they need to churn and mix ___. | inner oblique, longitudinal, bolus |
| Along and at the base of the gastric pits are openings of gastric glands that secrete products into the ___. | stomach |
| Propulsion of food along the GI tube involves two types of movement: ___ and ___ | peristalsis, segmentation |
| ___ is the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract. | Peristalsis |
| ___is the churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions. | Segmentation |
| A tubular passageway that conducts ingested materials from the pharynx to the stomach. | esophagus |
| The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal ___ as it connects to the stomach. | hiatus |
| The esophagus is approximately __ cm long, coursing anterior to the vertebral bodies. | 25 |
| About 1.5 cm of the esophagus is in the abdomen prior to changing into the ___. | stomach |
| The esophagus is made of thick ___ ___ ___ epithelium. | nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
| The esophagus has a thick submucosa, abundant elastic fibers and abundant ___ glands. | mucous |
| The muscular is of the esophagus, it has an inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. Contains a blend of ___ and ___ fibers. | skeletal, smooth |
| The outermost layer of the esophagus is the ___. | adventitia |
| The esophagus has two sphincters: ___ and ___ esophageal sphincter | superior, inferior |
| Superior esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus; it closes during ___ preventing ___ from entering the GI tract. | inhalation, air |
| The inferior/superior esophageal sphincter is located at the junction of the esophagus and the stomach; along with the esophageal opening of the diaphragm, prevents materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus. | inferior |
| Three unpaired arteries supply the abdominal GI tract: the ___ ___, ___ ___ artery and ___ ___ artery | celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric |
| Branches travel within the GI tunics and mucosa contains capillaries with ___ endothelial cells. | fenestrated |
| Lacteals are present in villi of the ___ ___. | small intestine |
| Lymph ducts transport lymph to the ___ ___, which drain into the thoracic duct. | cisterna chyli |
| Lymphatic structures called MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) are found in the small intestine and appendix. These aggregate nodules are called ___ ___. | Peyer patches |
| Initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion is the ___ ___. | oral cavity |
| The oral cavity is lined with ___ ___ ___ epithelium lining for abrasive activities and moistened by saliva. | nonkeratinized stratified squamous |
| Space between the cheeks or lips and gums in the oral cavity is the ___. | vestibule |
| Oral cavity proper: Central to the alveolar processes of ___ and ___. | mandibule, maxillae |
| The oral cavity contains the following: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___ glands, and ___ | cheeks, lips, palate, tongue, salivary, teeth |
| Cheeks form the lateral wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the ___ muscles. | buccinator |
| Lips are lined with ___ ___ ___ epithelium. | keratinized stratified squamous |
| The ___ (gums) cover the alveolar processes of the teeth. | gingivae |
| The internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a thin, midline mucosa fold called the ___ ___. | labial frenulum |
| The ___ forms the roof of the oral cavity. | palate |
| Extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the___, which elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the ___. | uvula ,nasopharynx |
| The ___ represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. | fauces |
| The fauces are bounded laterally by paired muscular folds: ___ and ___ arches. The ___ tonsils are housed here. | palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal, palatine |
| Superior surface of the tongue is covered by ___ | papillae |
| The tongue manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials into a ___. | bolus |
| A bolus is a globular mass of ___ materials that can be more easily swallowed. | ingested |
| The wall of the GI tract from the esophagus to the large intestine is composed of 4 concentric tunics. From deep (in contact with ingested materials) to superficial (external covering) they are: ___, ___, ___, and ___ or serosa | mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia |
| The abdominal GI tract mucosa has 3 components: superficial epithelium, an underlying areolar connective tissue called the ___ ___ and a thin layer of smooth muscle, called the ___ ___. | lamina propria, muscularis mucosae |
| The submucosa in the wall of the abdominal GI tract is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It’s components include: ___ ducts, ___ ___, ___, ___-___ glands | lymphatic, blood vessels, nerves, mucin-secreting |
| The nerves and their associated ganglia are referred to as the ___ ___ plexus or ___ plexus. | submucosal nerve, Meissner plexus |
| Secretion in the digestive system includes producing and releasing mucin or fluids like ___, ___ and digestive ___. | acid, bile, enzymes |
| Absorption in the digestive system means the passive or active movement of ___, digestion products, ___ and water across the epithelium into GI tract, blood vessels and ___. | electrolytes, vitamins, lymphatics |
| The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the ___ ___. | lingual frenulum |
| The ___ duct runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the buccinator muscle just opposite, opening near the second upper molar. | parotid |
| The parotid salivary glands secrete ___. | amylase |
| The ___ salivary glands reside inferior to the body of the mandible. | submandibular |
| The ___ glands produce the majority of the saliva: (60–70%) | submandibular |
| A submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a ___ in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the ___ ___. | papilla, lingual frenulum |
| Sublingual salivary glands are ___ to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity. | inferior |
| Each gland extends multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity just posterior to the ___ ___ ___. | submandibular duct papilla |
| ___ ___ glands contribute only 3–5% of total saliva. | sublingual salivary |
| Two types of secretory cells are found in salivary glands: ___ cells and ___ cells | mucous, serous |
| Salivary mucous cells secrete mucin, which forms mucus upon ___. | hydration |
| Salivary serous cells secrete a watery fluid containing ions,___, and salivary ___. | lysozyme, amylase |
| Submandibular and sublingual glands are innervated by CN ___. | VII |
| Salivary parotid gland innervated by CN ___. | IX |
| The ___ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. | pharynx |
| Three skeletal muscle pairs of ___ ___ (superior, middle, and inferior) form the wall of the pharynx and participate in swallowing. | pharyngeal constrictors |
| When pharyngeal constrictors constrict the ___ closes. | epiglottis |
| CN___ innervates most pharyngeal muscles. | X |
| Branches of ___ ___ arteries supply the pharynx. | external carotid |
| ___ ___ veins drain the pharynx. | Internal jugular |
| Abdominopelvic cavity is covered with moist ___ membranes. | serous |
| The ___ peritoneum lines the inside surface of the body wall. | parietal |
| The ___ peritoneum covers the surface of internal organs within the cavity. | visceral |
| Peritoneal cavity is ___ space between layers. | potential |
| In salivary glands, parasympathetic innervation ___ secretion. | stimulates |
| In salivary glands, sympathetic innervation produces ___ amounts of secretion. | normal |
| Organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ___ organs. They include the ___ and most of the small intestines. | intraperitoneal, stomach |
| Organs that lie in direct contact with posterior abdominal & pelvic walls & are only covered on anterolateral surfaces with visceral peritoneum: ___ organs. Examples are the ___, ascending and descending colon of the large intestines, and the ___. | retroperitoneal, pancreas, rectum |
| ___ are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs. Blood vessels, ___ vessels, and ___ are sandwiched between the two folds and supply the digestive organs. | Mesenteries, lymphatic, nerves |
| The mesentery called the ___ ___ extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs. | greater omentum |
| The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the ___ to the ___. | duodenum, liver |
| The mesentery ___ suspends most of the small intestines from the posterior abdominal wall. | proper |
| The ___ is a peritoneal fold that attaches parts of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. | mesocolon |
| The abdominal cavity ___ ___ is a fold that attaches one organ to another, or an organ to the anterior or lateral abdominal wall. | peritoneal ligament |
| Examples of peritoneal ligaments are the ___ ligament: superior surface of liver to the diaphragm and the ___ ligament: attaches liver to anterior internal abdominal wall. | coronary, falciform |
| The muscularis has two layers of smooth muscle: ___ ___ layer (constricts the lumen and forms sphincters when thickened) and ___ ___ layer (shortens the tube) | inner circular, outer longitudinal |
| The esophagus has a mix of both ___ and ___ muscle. | smooth, skeletal |
| The stomach contains three layers of ___ muscle. | smooth |
| Nerve fibers and associated ganglia between the two layers of the muscularis muscles are called the mysenteric nerve plexus or the ___ plexus. | Auerbach |
| The outermost layer of the tunics of the abdominal GI tract can be made of 2 types: | adventitia and areolar |
| Adventitia is connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers found on ___ organs. | retroperitoneal |
| Serosa is the same as adventitia but covered by visceral peritoneum on the ___ organs. | intraperitoneal |
| Nerves of the digestive system are both autonomic motor and sensory; the three autonomic plexuses follow the distribution of the unpaired artery of the same name: ___ plexus, ___ ___ plexus, and ___ ___ plexus. | celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric |
| The ___ plexus contains sympathetic axons (T5-T9) and parasympathetic axons (vagus). | celiac |
| The superior mesenteric plexus contains sympathetic axons (T8-T12) and parasympathetic axons (vagus). | |
| Inferior mesenteric plexus contains sympathetic axons (L1-L2), and parasympathetic axons (pelvic splanchnic nerves). | |
| ___ innervation promotes activity, gland secretion, peristalsis, and relaxes sphincters. Causes vasodilation for more blood flow. | Parasympathetic |
| ___ innervation inhibits digestive activity. | Sympathetic |
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