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Digestion

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
show transport, absorb, bloodstream  
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show Bolus  
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show Chyme  
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show Digestive, Accessory  
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show alimentary canal  
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Oral cavity, ____, esophagus, stomach, ____ ____and large intestine are all digestive organs.   show
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show assist  
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show tongue, liver, pancreas  
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Accessory digestive organs are not part of the long GI tube, but often develop as ____of that tube.   show
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show propulsion, secretion  
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show oral cavity  
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show ingestion  
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show smaller, molecules  
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show physically  
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Chemical digestion is breaking down of food using____.   show
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____is the movement of materials through the GI tract.   show
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show contraction  
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GI tract function ____is the production and releasing of mucin or fluids like acid, bile and digestive enzymes.   show
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show Absorption  
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show Elimination of waste  
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Propulsion of food along the GI tube involves two types of movement_____ and ____   show
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____ is the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract.   show
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____ is the churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions.   show
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show Oral Cavity  
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show Nonkeratinized stratified  
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show vestibule  
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Oral cavity proper is central to the alveolar processes of____ and _____.   show
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Oral cavity contains the following structural features: cheeks, ____, and palate, tongue, ____ ____, teeth   show
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Cheeks form the ____wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the ____ muscles.   show
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show anteriorly  
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show keratinized stratified  
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show alveolar processes  
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show labial frenulum  
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show palate  
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The ____ ___- ____ of the palate is called the hard palate because it is comprised of bone. The ____ ___-___ of the palate is soft and muscular and is called the soft palate.   show
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Extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the____, which elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx.   show
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show fauces  
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The fauces are bounded laterally by paired muscular folds: ____ arch, ____ arch   show
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The superior surface of the tongue is covered by ____.   show
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show bolus  
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A ____is a globular mass of ingested materials that can be more easily swallowed.   show
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The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the____ ____.   show
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____glands produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity.   show
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Saliva’s functions: ____ingested materials, moistens, cleanses, and lubricates the structures of the____ ____, chemical digestion, ____action containing lysozyme, dissolves materials so that ____ ____can be stimulated.   show
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show parotid  
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Salivary Glands produce ____/day, slightly acidic, ___% water and 0.5% solutes, contains Ions, ___, lysosome, mucin, salivary amylase   show
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show 25–30, buccinator  
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Submandibular Salivary Glands: Reside inferior to the body of the mandible, Produce the majority of the saliva ____ %   show
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A submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the____ ____   show
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show Inferior  
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show Serous cells, Mucous cells  
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Mucous cells in salivary glands secrete mucin, which forms ___upon hydration   show
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show ions, lysozyme  
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Submandibular and sublingual glands innervated by CN ____.   show
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Paroid gland innervated by CN ___   show
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Parasympathetic stimulates ____in the GI tract.   show
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The teeth are collectively known as the ____.   show
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show alveoli  
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____ligaments bind roots to the alveolar process to form the gomphosis joint.   show
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____forms the primary mass of the tooth. It is harder than bone.   show
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Each tooth root is covered with _____.   show
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show enamel  
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The center of the tooth is a pulp cavity that contains ____ ____called pulp.   show
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show apical foramen  
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Mesial tooth surface is ____to the midline.   show
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show midline  
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show Buccal  
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Labial tooth surface is adjacent to the ___.   show
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show Lingual  
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show meet  
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Two sets of teeth develop and erupt in a normal lifetime _____ and _____ teeth   show
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Deciduous teeth erupt between ____months, 20 in number, and are often called ____teeth   show
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show 32, Anteriorly  
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The _____ teeth are most anteriorly placed, shaped like chisels, and have a single root   show
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Canines are posterolateral to the incisors, pointed tips for ____ and ____   show
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Premolars are posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns with prominent ridges called ____for crushing and grinding.   show
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show molars  
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show Pharynx  
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Three skeletal muscle pairs of pharyngeal constrictors (____, ____, and _____) form the wall of the pharynx and participate in ____.   show
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show closes  
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show X  
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Branches of external ____arteries supply the pharynx   show
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show jugular  
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Abdominopelvic cavity is covered with moist serous membranes called parietal and visceral _____.   show
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Organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ____organs. They include the stomach and most of the small intestines.   show
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show retroperitoneal  
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____are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs.   show
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Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are sandwiched between the two ____ ____and supply the digestive organs.   show
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show Greater omentum  
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The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the ____to the liver.   show
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show small intestines  
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show mesocolon  
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show Peritoneal  
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____peritoneal ligament attaches the superior surface of liver to the diaphragm.   show
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show liver  
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show mucosa, submucosa, adventitia or serosa  
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3 parts to the mucosa layer of the GI tract: Superficial epithelium, An underlying ____connective tissue, called the lamina propria, and a thin layer of___ ____ , called the muscularis mucosae   show
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show dense irregular  
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show Meissner plexus  
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Muscularis consists of two layers of smooth muscle____ ____ , ____ ____ layers   show
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show constricts  
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show shorten  
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show esophagus and stomach  
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Nerve fibers and associated ganglia in the muscularis tunic between the two layers of muscles is called the myenteric nerve plexus or ______ plexus   show
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Adventitia or Serosa is the ____tunic layer.   show
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show collagen and elastic  
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Serosa tunic is the same as adventitia but covered by ____peritoneum. Intraperitoneal organs.   show
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Three unpaired arteries supply the abdominal GI tract: ____trunk, Superior, and Inferior ____arteries   show
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The branches travel within the tunics and mucosa of the GI tract contain capillaries with fenestrates ____cells.   show
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Lacteals are present in villi of the ____ ____.   show
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Lymph ducts transport lymph to the cisterna chyli, which drains into the ____ ____.   show
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show Peyer patches  
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show Celiac  
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Superior mesenteric nerve plexus: SA (T8-T12), PA (____).   show
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Inferior mesenteric nerve plexus: SA (L_-L_), PA (pelvic splanchnic nerves).   show
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____ innervation in the GI tract promotes activity, gland secretion, peristalsis, and relaxes sphincters, and vasodilation   show
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Sympathetic innervation in the GI tract ___ activity.   show
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show Esophagus  
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show hiatus  
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show 25  
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show abdomen  
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show nonkeratinized stratified  
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show submucosa  
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The esophagus’ muscularis tunic has an inner ____layer and outer ____layer and contains a blend of skeletal and smooth fibers.   show
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Outer wall of the esophagus is ____.   show
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The esophagus has two sphincters: ____ and ____ esophageal sphincters   show
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show Superior esophageal  
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show stomach, diaphragm  
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show voluntary  
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During the ____phase of swallowing bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage and the larynx elevates towards epiglottis.   show
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During the esophageal phase swallowing is____. Bolus passes through esophagus (5-8sec) into the stomach.   show
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show acinar, acini, bicarbonate  
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show papilla  
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___ is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in intestinal glands to promote secretion of juices.   show
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show vagus (PNS)  
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show biliary apparatus  
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Function of the gall bladder is ___, not ___ of bile.   show
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Left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right ___ ___.   show
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show common hepatic duct.  
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The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct merge to form the ___ ___ ___.   show
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The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the ___ ___.   show
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The structural components of a portal triad are the branches of the ___ ___ vein, ___ artery and ___ ___.   show
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What is the function of the gallbladder? To ___ and ___ bile.   show
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show mucin, digestive enzymes  
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show liver  
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A function of the ___ is detoxification of drugs, metabolites and poisons.   show
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The liver stores excess ___ and ___.   show
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show Hepatocytes, liver  
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The liver contains ___ cells for break down of debris and aged erythrocytes or formed elements.   show
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The gall bladder is embedded on the ___ surface of the liver.   show
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The ___ ___ functions to collect and concentrate bile.   show
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The ___ ___ connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct.   show
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The gall bladder can hold ___ to ___ mL of concentrated bile.   show
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The gall bladder has three regions: the neck, with a sphincter valve to control flow, the body and the ___.   show
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show endocrine, exocrine  
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show pancreatic juices, main pancreatic  
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show duodenum.  
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show abdominal wall  
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The tail of the pancreas tapers as it approaches the ___.   show
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In the liver, there are several ___ ___ around the central vein.   show
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The portal triads in the liver that are located around the central vein are called ___ ___.   show
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show reticuloendothelial  
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show nutrients, bile  
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show bile canaliculus  
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show right quadrant  
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The liver weighs about ___ to ___kg.   show
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The liver is comprised of four incompletely separated lobes: right, left, ___ and ___   show
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The right lobe of the liver is separated from the left lobe by the ___ ___ that secures the liver to the abdomen wall.   show
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The round ligament in the liver is the remnant of the ___ ___ vein.   show
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show inferior vena cava  
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show gallbladder  
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show hepatic lobules  
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show Hepatic lobules  
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Hepatic lobules contain cells called ___.   show
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At the periphery of each lobule of the liver there are several ___ ___.   show
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show true  
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show hepatic portal, oxygen  
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The ___ ___ ___ splits into left and right hepatic arteries and is well oxygenated.   show
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The hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix in the ___ ___.   show
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show inferior vena cava  
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The descending colon originates at the left ___ ___. It is found along the ___ side of the abdomen.   show
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show sigmoid colon  
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The shape of the sigmoid colon resembles the letter S. It originates at the ___ ___ and enters the pelvic cavity. Then it turns inferomedially and is suspended by the ___ ___.   show
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show sigmoid colon  
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Muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation is the ___.   show
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Three thick, transverse folds of the rectum, called ___ ___ , ensure that fecal material is retained during the passage of gas.   show
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show rectum  
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The ___ ___ is the terminal few centimeters of the large intestine.   show
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show levator ani  
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show columns  
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Anal sinuses secrete ___ for lubrication during defecation by the pressure exerted by feces.   show
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Internal and external anal sphincters open and close the anal canal during ___.   show
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show simple columnar, mucin  
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show teniae coli  
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The teniae coli bunch up the large intestines into many sacs, collectively called ___.   show
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In the large intestine, extending off the external surface of the haustra, are lobules of fat called ___ appendices or ___ appendages.   show
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show gastroileal  
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show peristaltic, haustral, mass  
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Peristaltic movements are weak and ___.   show
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Haustral churning: Distention with feces produces contraction for passage to the next ___ by relfex.   show
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Mass movements are powerful, peristaltic contractions involving the ___ ___ to propel feces to the rectum. They occur 2-3 times a day after a meal and are called ___ reflex.   show
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The accessory digestive organs include the following organs that facilitate chemical digestive activities of the GI tract: ___, ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___.   show
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show upper right  
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The duodenum becomes continuous with the jejunum at the ___ ___.   show
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show lesser omentum  
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show major duodenal papilla  
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Middle portion of the small intestine is the ___.   show
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show jejunum  
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The jejunum is suspended by the ___ ___.   show
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show ileum  
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show large intestine  
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The ileum is suspended by the ___ ___.   show
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Internally, the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine are thrown into folds called the ___ folds or ___ ___. They help increase surface area of absorption and delay passage.   show
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Circular folds, or plicae circulares, are more numerous in the ___ and ___ and least numerous in the ___.   show
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Microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of circular folds and microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of the ___.   show
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Each villi in the small intestine contains an arteriole, a ___, and ___ for absorption.   show
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show lacteals  
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show voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal  
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show voluntary phase  
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Bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage. Larynx elevates towards epiglottis. Which swallowing phase is this?   show
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show esophageal phase  
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show diaphragm  
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The stomach continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of the ___.   show
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show chyme  
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show 3  
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show acids, enzymes  
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The stomach is composed of four regions: the ___, ___, ___ and ___.   show
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The stomach’s cardia is the opening at the ___ ___.   show
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show esophageal, diaphrahgm  
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show body  
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show pyloric antrum, pyloric canal  
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show pyloric orifice  
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The ___ ___ is the thick ring of circular smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric orifice.   show
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The inferior border of the stomach is the ___ curvature and the superior border is the ___ curvature.   show
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show gastric folds, rugae  
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show cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal  
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show cecum  
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show cecum  
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show ileocecal valve  
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The vermiform appendix is lined with ___ nodules.   show
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show ileocecal valve  
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show true  
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As the ascending colon approaches the inferior border of the liver, it makes a 90-degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___.   show
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The ___ ___ originates at the right colic flexure and approaches the spleen in the upper left abdominal quadrant.   show
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show transverse mesocolon  
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show left colic flexure, splenic flexure  
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The ___ ___ ___ and ligamentum venosum form the inferior vertical parts of the liver.   show
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In the liver, the ___ ___ and round ligament form the superior vertical parts.   show
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show porta hepatis  
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The small intestine consists of three specific segments (from proximal to distal from the stomach): ___ (___cm), ___ (___m), ___ (___m)   show
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The small intestine has intestinal glands or ___ of ___. They are enteroendocrine cells that release___, ___, gastric inhibitory peptide (prolong time of stomach emptying) and goblet cells.   show
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show alkaline, duodenum  
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The large intestine forms a three-sided perimeter around the centrally located ___ ___.   show
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The diameter is of the large intestine is ___ cm vs. 2.5 cm of the small intestine.   show
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show large  
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show very small  
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The ___ ___ stores the feces until defecation (expulsion of the feces).   show
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5 types of secretory cells form gastric epithelium: ___ ___ cells, ___ ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells.   show
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show mucin  
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Mucous neck cells secrete ___ ___ to maintain acidic conditions.   show
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show intrinsic factor  
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show inactive pepsinogen  
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show gastrin Somatostatin.  
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The ___ ___ finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients (90%).   show
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show 12  
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About 6 meters (20 feet) long in an unembalmed cadaver but much shorter in a living individual due to ___ ___.   show
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The small intestine extends from the ___ to cecum of large intestine.   show
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Blood supply and innervation of the small intestine in the ___ ___ artery and plexus.   show
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The wall of the stomach is lined by ___ ___ epithelium although little absorption occurs in the stomach.   show
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The stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called ___ ___ which have gastric gland openings.   show
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show surface mucous  
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The muscularis of the stomach has 3 layers: ___ ___ layer, middle circular layer and outer ___ layer. It has 3 layers ddue to the fact that they need to churn and mix ___.   show
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show stomach  
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