Digestion
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| Function of the digestive system include ingest food, ____ingested material, digest the material into smaller usable components, ____the necessary digested nutrients into the____, expel waste. | transport, absorb, bloodstream
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| Chewed food mixed with saliva. | Bolus
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| Bolus processed by the stomach. | Chyme
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| The digestive system is composed of two separate categories of organs: ____organs, ____digestive organs | Digestive, Accessory
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| Digestive organs collectively make up the GI tract, also called the digestive tract or the____ ____. | alimentary canal
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| Oral cavity, ____, esophagus, stomach, ____ ____and large intestine are all digestive organs. | pharynx, small intestine
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| Accessory digestive organs ____the GI tract with digestion. | assist
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| Accessory organs: Teeth, ____, salivary glands, ____, gallbladder and ____. | tongue, liver, pancreas
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| Accessory digestive organs are not part of the long GI tube, but often develop as ____of that tube. | outgrowths
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| Digestive System Functions are ingestion, digestion, ____, peristalsis, ____, absorption, elimination of waste | propulsion, secretion
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| Ingestion is the introduction of solid and liquid material into the ____ ____. | oral cavity
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| 1st step in digesting is ____. | ingestion
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| Digestion is the breakdown of large food items into ____structures and____. | smaller, molecules
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| Mechanical digestion ____breaks down pieces. | physically
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| Chemical digestion is breaking down of food using____. | enzymes
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| ____is the movement of materials through the GI tract. | Propulsion
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| Peristalsis is muscular ____. | contraction
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| GI tract function ____is the production and releasing of mucin or fluids like acid, bile and digestive enzymes. | secretion
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| _____ is Passive or active movement of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins and water across the epithelium into GI tract blood vessels and lymphatics. | Absorption
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| ____ is wasting of undigested products as feces by defecation. | Elimination of waste
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| Propulsion of food along the GI tube involves two types of movement_____ and ____ | peristalsis, segmentation
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| ____ is the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract. | Peristalsis
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| ____ is the churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions. | Segmentation
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| ____ ____ is the initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion. | Oral Cavity
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| Oral cavity is made of ____ ____ squamous epithelium lining for abrasive activities. | Nonkeratinized stratified
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| Oral cavity ____ space is between the cheeks or lips and gums. | vestibule
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| Oral cavity proper is central to the alveolar processes of____ and _____. | mandibule, maxillae
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| Oral cavity contains the following structural features: cheeks, ____, and palate, tongue, ____ ____, teeth | lips, salivary glands
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| Cheeks form the ____wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the ____ muscles. | lateral, buccinator
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| The cheeks end ____ as the lips. | anteriorly
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| Lips are lined with ____ ____ squamous epith. | keratinized stratified
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| The gingivae (gums) cover the ____ ___ of the teeth. | alveolar processes
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| The internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a thin, midline mucosa fold called the____ ____ . | labial frenulum
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| The ____ forms the roof of the oral cavity. | palate
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| The ____ ___- ____ of the palate is called the hard palate because it is comprised of bone. The ____ ___-___ of the palate is soft and muscular and is called the soft palate. | anterior two-thirds, posterior one-third
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| Extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the____, which elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx. | uvula
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| The ____ represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. | fauces
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| The fauces are bounded laterally by paired muscular folds: ____ arch, ____ arch | palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal
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| The superior surface of the tongue is covered by ____. | papillae
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| The tongue manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials into a____. | bolus
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| A ____is a globular mass of ingested materials that can be more easily swallowed. | bolus
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| The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the____ ____. | lingual frenulum
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| ____glands produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity. | Salivary
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| Saliva’s functions: ____ingested materials, moistens, cleanses, and lubricates the structures of the____ ____, chemical digestion, ____action containing lysozyme, dissolves materials so that ____ ____can be stimulated. | moistens, oral cavity, antibacterial, taste receptors
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| Three pairs of salivary glands are located external to the oral cavity:____, submandibular, sublingual glands | parotid
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| Salivary Glands produce ____/day, slightly acidic, ___% water and 0.5% solutes, contains Ions, ___, lysosome, mucin, salivary amylase | 1-1.5L, 99.5, ImG A
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| Parotid Salivary Glands, Largest of the three salivary glands, Located anterior and inferior to the ear, Secrete ___% of total saliva, Parotid duct runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the ____muscle just opposite. | 25–30, buccinator
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| Submandibular Salivary Glands: Reside inferior to the body of the mandible, Produce the majority of the saliva ____ % | 60–70%
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| A submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the____ ____ | lingual frenulum
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| Sublingual Salivary Glands: ____to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity, Contribute only 3–5% of total saliva | Inferior
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| Two types of secretory cells are found in salivary glands, ____ and ____ cells | Serous cells, Mucous cells
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| Mucous cells in salivary glands secrete mucin, which forms ___upon hydration | mucus
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| Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a watery fluid containing___, ____, and salivary amylase | ions, lysozyme
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| Submandibular and sublingual glands innervated by CN ____. | VII
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| Paroid gland innervated by CN ___ | IX
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| Parasympathetic stimulates ____in the GI tract. | secretion
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| The teeth are collectively known as the ____. | dentition
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| A tooth has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more roots that fit into dental ____. | alveoli
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| ____ligaments bind roots to the alveolar process to form the gomphosis joint. | Periodontal
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| ____forms the primary mass of the tooth. It is harder than bone. | Dentin
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| Each tooth root is covered with _____. | cementum
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| The external surface of the dentin is covered with a layer of ____that forms the crown of the tooth. | enamel
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| The center of the tooth is a pulp cavity that contains ____ ____called pulp. | connective tissue
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| A root canal opens into the connective tissue through an opening called the____ ____. Blood vessels and nerves pass through this opening and are housed in the pulp. | apical foramen
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| Mesial tooth surface is ____to the midline. | closest
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| Distal tooth surface is farthest from the____. | midline
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| ____tooth surface is adjacent to the cheek. | Buccal
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| Labial tooth surface is adjacent to the ___. | lip
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| ____tooth surface is facing the tongue. | Lingual
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| Occlusal tooth surface is where superior and inferior surfaces ____. | meet
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| Two sets of teeth develop and erupt in a normal lifetime _____ and _____ teeth | deciduous and permanent teeth
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| Deciduous teeth erupt between ____months, 20 in number, and are often called ____teeth | 6–30, milk
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| Permanent teeth replace the deciduous teeth and are ___in number. ____placed teeth tend to appear first. | 32, Anteriorly
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| The _____ teeth are most anteriorly placed, shaped like chisels, and have a single root | Incisors
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| Canines are posterolateral to the incisors, pointed tips for ____ and ____ | puncturing and tearing
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| Premolars are posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns with prominent ridges called ____for crushing and grinding. | cusps
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| ____are the thickest and most posterior teeth, also adapted for crushing and grinding. | molars
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| ____is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. | Pharynx
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| Three skeletal muscle pairs of pharyngeal constrictors (____, ____, and _____) form the wall of the pharynx and participate in ____. | superior, middle, and inferior; swallowing
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| Pharyngeal constrictors constrict and then the epiglottis ____. | closes
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| CN __ innervates most pharyngeal muscles | X
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| Branches of external ____arteries supply the pharynx | carotid
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| Internal ____veins drain the pharynx | jugular
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| Abdominopelvic cavity is covered with moist serous membranes called parietal and visceral _____. | peritoneum
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| Organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ____organs. They include the stomach and most of the small intestines. | intraperitoneal
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| Organs that are only covered on their anterolateral surfaces with visceral peritoneum are called ____organs. Examples are the pancreas, ascending and descending colon of the large intestines, and the rectum. | retroperitoneal
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| ____are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs. | Mesenteries
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| Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are sandwiched between the two ____ ____and supply the digestive organs. | mesentery folds
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| ____ ____extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs. | Greater omentum
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| The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the ____to the liver. | duodenum
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| The mesentery proper suspends most of the ___ ____from the posterior abdominal wall. | small intestines
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| The ____is a peritoneal fold that attaches parts of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. | mesocolon
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| ____ligament is a fold that attaches one organ to another or an organ to the anterior or lateral abd. wall. | Peritoneal
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| ____peritoneal ligament attaches the superior surface of liver to the diaphragm. | Coronary
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| Falciform peritoneal ligament attaches ____to anterior internal abdominal wall. | liver
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| The wall of the GI tract is composed of four concentric layers called tunics. From deep to superficial they are ____, _____, mucularis, _____ or _____. | mucosa, submucosa, adventitia or serosa
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| 3 parts to the mucosa layer of the GI tract: Superficial epithelium, An underlying ____connective tissue, called the lamina propria, and a thin layer of___ ____ , called the muscularis mucosae | areolar, smooth muscle
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| Submucosa is composed of ___ ____ connective tissue and includes: lymphatic ducts, mucin-secreting glands, blood vessels, and nerves | dense irregular
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| The nerves and their associated ganglia in the submucosa are referred to as the submucosal nerve plexus or ____ ____ | Meissner plexus
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| Muscularis consists of two layers of smooth muscle____ ____ , ____ ____ layers | outer longitudinal, inner circular
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| inner circular layer of the muscularis ____the lumen and forms sphincters when thickened. | constricts
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| outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis ____the tube | shorten
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| Two exceptions to the muscularis tunic of the GI tract are the____ and ____. | esophagus and stomach
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| Nerve fibers and associated ganglia in the muscularis tunic between the two layers of muscles is called the myenteric nerve plexus or ______ plexus | Auerbach
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| Adventitia or Serosa is the ____tunic layer. | outermost
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| Adventitia tunic consists of areolar connective tissue with dispersed ____ and ____fibers. Retroperitoneal organs. | collagen and elastic
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| Serosa tunic is the same as adventitia but covered by ____peritoneum. Intraperitoneal organs. | visceral
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| Three unpaired arteries supply the abdominal GI tract: ____trunk, Superior, and Inferior ____arteries | celiac, mesenteric
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| The branches travel within the tunics and mucosa of the GI tract contain capillaries with fenestrates ____cells. | endothelial
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| Lacteals are present in villi of the ____ ____. | small intestines
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| Lymph ducts transport lymph to the cisterna chyli, which drains into the ____ ____. | thoracic duct
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| Lymphatic structures called MALT are found in the small intestine and appendix. These aggregate nodules are called ____ _____. | Peyer patches
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| ____nerve plexus: Sympathetic axons (T5-T9), parasympathetic axons (vagus). | Celiac
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| Superior mesenteric nerve plexus: SA (T8-T12), PA (____). | vagus
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| Inferior mesenteric nerve plexus: SA (L_-L_), PA (pelvic splanchnic nerves). | L1-L2
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| ____ innervation in the GI tract promotes activity, gland secretion, peristalsis, and relaxes sphincters, and vasodilation | Parasympathetic
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| Sympathetic innervation in the GI tract ___ activity. | Inhibits
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| A tubular passageway that conducts ingested materials from the pharynx to the stomach. | Esophagus
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| The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal ____as it connects to the stomach. | hiatus
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| The esophagus is approximately __cm long coursing anterior to the vertebral bodies | 25
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| The esophagus is about 1.5 cm is in ____prior to changing into the stomach | abdomen
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| Esophagus is a thick ____ ____squamous epith. | nonkeratinized stratified
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| The esophagus has thick____, abundant elastic fibers and abundant mucus glands. | submucosa
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| The esophagus’ muscularis tunic has an inner ____layer and outer ____layer and contains a blend of skeletal and smooth fibers. | circular, longitudinal
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| Outer wall of the esophagus is ____. | adventitia
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| The esophagus has two sphincters: ____ and ____ esophageal sphincters | Inferior and superior
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| ____ ____ sphincter is at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus; closes during inhalation preventing air from entering the GI tract. | Superior esophageal
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| Inferior esophageal sphincter is at the junction of the esophagus and the____; along with the esophageal opening of the____, prevents materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus | stomach, diaphragm
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| During the ____phase of swallowing bolus is formed and pushed superiorly against the hard palate by the tongue and projected towards the oropharynx. | voluntary
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| During the ____phase of swallowing bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage and the larynx elevates towards epiglottis. | pharyngeal
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| During the esophageal phase swallowing is____. Bolus passes through esophagus (5-8sec) into the stomach. | involuntary
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| Pancreatic juice is excreted by ___ cells organized into large clusters or ___, along with mucin. ___ is also secreted by the pancreas. | acinar, acini, bicarbonate
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| Most ducts travel and merge in the pancreatic duct that drains into the ___ of the duodenum. | papilla
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| ___ is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in intestinal glands to promote secretion of juices. | Cholecystokinin
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| Pancreatic juice secretion is stimulated by the ___ nerve. | vagus (PNS)
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| The ___ ___ is a network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum. | biliary apparatus
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| Function of the gall bladder is ___, not ___ of bile. | storage, production
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| Left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right ___ ___. | hepatic ducts.
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| Left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the ___ ___ ___. | common hepatic duct.
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| The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct merge to form the ___ ___ ___. | common bile duct.
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| The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the ___ ___. | hepatopancreatic ampulla.
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| The structural components of a portal triad are the branches of the ___ ___ vein, ___ artery and ___ ___. | hepatic portal, hepatic, bile duct
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| What is the function of the gallbladder? To ___ and ___ bile. | concentrate, store
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| The function of the pancreatic acini is to secrete ___ and ___ ___ of the pancreatic juice. | mucin, digestive enzymes
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| The ___ produces bile. | liver
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| A function of the ___ is detoxification of drugs, metabolites and poisons. | liver
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| The liver stores excess ___ and ___. | nutrients, vitamins.
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| ____ in the ___ synthesize blood plasma proteins like albumins, globulins and proteins for blood clotting. | Hepatocytes, liver
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| The liver contains ___ cells for break down of debris and aged erythrocytes or formed elements. | phagocytic
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| The gall bladder is embedded on the ___ surface of the liver. | inferior
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| The ___ ___ functions to collect and concentrate bile. | gall bladder
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| The ___ ___ connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct. | cystic duct
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| The gall bladder can hold ___ to ___ mL of concentrated bile. | 40-60
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| The gall bladder has three regions: the neck, with a sphincter valve to control flow, the body and the ___. | fundus
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| The pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions. | endocrine, exocrine
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| The pancreas has exocrine functions that involve secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, collectively called ___ ___, into the duodenum via the ___ ___ duct. | pancreatic juices, main pancreatic
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| The head of the pancreas is wide and adjacent to the ___. | duodenum.
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| The body of the pancreas is elongated and projects toward the left lateral ___ ___. | abdominal wall
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| The tail of the pancreas tapers as it approaches the ___. | spleen.
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| In the liver, there are several ___ ___ around the central vein. | portal triads
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| The portal triads in the liver that are located around the central vein are called ___ ___. | hepatic sinusoids
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| Hepatic sinusoids are lined with ___ cells (kupffer cells) which are phagocytic cells. | reticuloendothelial
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| Hepatocytes absorb ___ and form ___ that assists with the chemical digestion of fats. | nutrients, bile
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| Bile is released through ___ ___ to the bile duct in the portal triad. | bile canaliculus
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| The liver is located in the ___ ___ of the abdomen. | right quadrant
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| The liver weighs about ___ to ___kg. | 1 to 2
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| The liver is comprised of four incompletely separated lobes: right, left, ___ and ___ | caudate, quadrate
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| The right lobe of the liver is separated from the left lobe by the ___ ___ that secures the liver to the abdomen wall. | falciform ligament
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| The round ligament in the liver is the remnant of the ___ ___ vein. | fetal umbilical
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| The caudate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___ ___ ___. | inferior vena cava
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| The quadrate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___. | gallbladder
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| A connective tissue capsule forms septa that partition the liver into ___ ___. | hepatic lobules
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| ___ ___ are the functional units of the liver. | Hepatic lobules
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| Hepatic lobules contain cells called ___. | hepatocytes
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| At the periphery of each lobule of the liver there are several ___ ___. | portal triads
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| The liver has dual blood supply. True or false | true
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| The ___ ___vein carries blood to the liver from the GI tract, spleen and pancreas. It is rich in nutrients but poor in ___. | hepatic portal, oxygen
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| The ___ ___ ___ splits into left and right hepatic arteries and is well oxygenated. | hepatic artery proper
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| The hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix in the ___ ___. | hepatic lobules
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| Numerous hepatic veins drain into the ___ ___ ___. | inferior vena cava
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| The descending colon originates at the left ___ ___. It is found along the ___ side of the abdomen. | colic flexure, left
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| The descending colon makes contact with the iliac fossa and terminates into the ___ ___. | sigmoid colon
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| The shape of the sigmoid colon resembles the letter S. It originates at the ___ ___ and enters the pelvic cavity. Then it turns inferomedially and is suspended by the ___ ___. | sigmoid flexure, sigmoid mesentery
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| The ___ ___ terminates as the rectum. | sigmoid colon
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| Muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation is the ___. | rectum
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| Three thick, transverse folds of the rectum, called ___ ___ , ensure that fecal material is retained during the passage of gas. | rectal valves
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| The ___ terminates at the anal canal. | rectum
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| The ___ ___ is the terminal few centimeters of the large intestine. | anal canal
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| The anal canal passes through an opening in the ___ ___ muscles of the pelvic floor. | levator ani
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| Anal ___ line the internal surface of the anal canal. | columns
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| Anal sinuses secrete ___ for lubrication during defecation by the pressure exerted by feces. | mucin
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| Internal and external anal sphincters open and close the anal canal during ___. | defecation
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| The large intestine is lined with ___ ___epithelium and goblet cells, which secrete ___ to lubricate the fecal material. | simple columnar, mucin
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| Longitudinal muscle of the large intestine wall is incomplete, forming bundles called ___ ___. | teniae coli
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| The teniae coli bunch up the large intestines into many sacs, collectively called ___. | haustra
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| In the large intestine, extending off the external surface of the haustra, are lobules of fat called ___ appendices or ___ appendages. | omental, epiploic
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| The ingestion of food increases peristaltic movements in the ileum, opening the ileocecal valve, called ___ reflex. | gastroileal
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| The gastroileal reflex produces more: ___ movements, ___ churning and ___ movements. | peristaltic, haustral, mass
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| Peristaltic movements are weak and ___. | sluggish.
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| Haustral churning: Distention with feces produces contraction for passage to the next ___ by relfex. | haustra
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| Mass movements are powerful, peristaltic contractions involving the ___ ___ to propel feces to the rectum. They occur 2-3 times a day after a meal and are called ___ reflex. | teniae coli, gastrocolic
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| The accessory digestive organs include the following organs that facilitate chemical digestive activities of the GI tract: ___, ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___. | liver, gall bladder, pancreas, biliary apparatus
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| The duodenum is c-shaped and located in the ___ ___ quadrant. | upper right
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| The duodenum becomes continuous with the jejunum at the ___ ___. | duodenojejunal flexure (midline)
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| The duodenum is connected to the liver by the ___ ___. | lesser omentum
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| The ___ ___ ___ is the site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum. | major duodenal papilla
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| Middle portion of the small intestine is the ___. | jejunum
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| Primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the ___. | jejunum
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| The jejunum is suspended by the ___ ___. | mesentery proper
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| The last segment of the small intestine is the ___. | ileum
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| The distal end of the ileum terminates at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the ___ ___. | large intestine
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| The ileum is suspended by the ___ ___. | mesentery proper
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| Internally, the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine are thrown into folds called the ___ folds or ___ ___. They help increase surface area of absorption and delay passage. | circular, plicae circulares
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| Circular folds, or plicae circulares, are more numerous in the ___ and ___ and least numerous in the ___. | duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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| Microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of circular folds and microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of the ___. | villi, microvilli, villi
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| Each villi in the small intestine contains an arteriole, a ___, and ___ for absorption. | venule, capillaries
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| In the small intestine, ___ at the center of the villus, are responsible for absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, too large to be absorbed by capillaries. | lacteals
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| There are three phases of swallowing: ___, ___ and ___. | voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
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| Bolus is formed and pushed superiorly against the hard palate by the tongue. Projected towards the oropharynx. Which swallowing phase is this? | voluntary phase
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| Bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage. Larynx elevates towards epiglottis. Which swallowing phase is this? | pharyngeal phase
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| Involuntary. Bolus passes through esophagus (5-8sec) into the stomach. Which swallowing phase is this? | esophageal phase
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| The stomach is in the upper left quadrant of abdomen, inferior to the ___. | diaphragm
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| The stomach continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of the ___. | bolus
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| The bolus eventually is processed into a pasty soup called ___. | chyme
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| The stomach possesses how many layers of muscle? | 3
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| The stomach secretes ___ and ___. | acids, enzymes
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| The stomach is composed of four regions: the ___, ___, ___ and ___. | cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
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| The stomach’s cardia is the opening at the ___ ___. | cardiac orifice
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| The stomach’s fundus is superior to the ___ opening and is adjacent to the ___. | esophageal, diaphrahgm
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| The largest region of the stomach is it’s ___. | body
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| The stomach’s pylorus is divided into the ___ ___ and the ___ ___. | pyloric antrum, pyloric canal
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| The ___ ___ is the stomach’s opening with the duodenum of the small intestine. | pyloric orifice
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| The ___ ___ is the thick ring of circular smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric orifice. | pyloric sphincter.
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| The inferior border of the stomach is the ___ curvature and the superior border is the ___ curvature. | greater, lesser
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| The internal surface of the stomach is thrown into folds called ___ ___ or ___. | gastric folds, rugae
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| The large intestine is comprised of the following structures: ___, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ and ___ ___. | cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal
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| First part of large intestine is the ___. | cecum
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| The ___ is in the large intestine, it’s a blind sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen. | cecum
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| The cecum extends inferiorly from the ___ ___. It represents the junction between the small intestine and large intestine. | ileocecal valve
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| The vermiform appendix is lined with ___ nodules. | lymphatic
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| The ascending colon originates at the ___ ___ and extends along the right side of abdomen. | ileocecal valve
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| The ascending colon is retroperitoneal. true or false | true
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| As the ascending colon approaches the inferior border of the liver, it makes a 90-degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___. | right colic flexure, hepatic flexure
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| The ___ ___ originates at the right colic flexure and approaches the spleen in the upper left abdominal quadrant. | transverse colon
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| The transverse colon is suspended by the ___ ___. | transverse mesocolon
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| The transverse colon makes a 90-degree turn inferiorly at the spleen; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___. | left colic flexure, splenic flexure
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| The ___ ___ ___ and ligamentum venosum form the inferior vertical parts of the liver. | inferior vena cava
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| In the liver, the ___ ___ and round ligament form the superior vertical parts. | gall bladder
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| The ___ ___ in the liver represents the horizontal crossbar; this is where the blood vessels (hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper) and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter and leave the liver. | porta hepatis
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| The small intestine consists of three specific segments (from proximal to distal from the stomach): ___ (___cm), ___ (___m), ___ (___m) | duodenum, 25m (10 inches), jejunum, 2.5m (7.5 feet), ileum, 3.6m (10.8 feet)
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| The small intestine has intestinal glands or ___ of ___. They are enteroendocrine cells that release___, ___, gastric inhibitory peptide (prolong time of stomach emptying) and goblet cells. | crypts, Lieberkuhn, secretin, cholecystokinin
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| Brunner glands in the small intestine release ___ mucus to protect ___ from acids. | alkaline, duodenum
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| The large intestine forms a three-sided perimeter around the centrally located ___ ___. | small intestine
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| The diameter is of the large intestine is ___ cm vs. 2.5 cm of the small intestine. | 6.5
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| The ___ intestine absorbs fluids and ions and compacts undigestible wastes and solidifies them into feces. | large
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| The large intestine absorbs a large/small amount of nutrients. | very small
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| The ___ ___ stores the feces until defecation (expulsion of the feces). | large intestine
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| 5 types of secretory cells form gastric epithelium: ___ ___ cells, ___ ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells. | surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine
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| Surface mucous cells secrete ___ to prevent ulceration. | mucin
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| Mucous neck cells secrete ___ ___ to maintain acidic conditions. | acidic mucin
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| Parietal cells, HCl secreted for chemical digestion of proteins, secretes ___ ___ to absorb B12 in the ileum. | intrinsic factor
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| Chief cells secrete ___ ___ to be activated by the HCl into pepsin who digests denatured proteins. | inactive pepsinogen
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| Enteroendocrine cells secrete ___ that enters blood to stimulate secretion of chief and parietal cells. | gastrin Somatostatin.
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| The ___ ___ finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients (90%). | small intestine
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| Ingested materials spend at least ___ hours in the small intestine while chemical digestion and absorption are completed. | 12
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| About 6 meters (20 feet) long in an unembalmed cadaver but much shorter in a living individual due to ___ ___. | muscle tone
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| The small intestine extends from the ___ to cecum of large intestine. | pylorus
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| Blood supply and innervation of the small intestine in the ___ ___ artery and plexus. | superior mesenteric
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| The wall of the stomach is lined by ___ ___ epithelium although little absorption occurs in the stomach. | simple columnar
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| The stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called ___ ___ which have gastric gland openings. | gastric pits
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| The stomach lining does not contain goblet cells, but ___ ___ cells. | surface mucous
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| The muscularis of the stomach has 3 layers: ___ ___ layer, middle circular layer and outer ___ layer. It has 3 layers ddue to the fact that they need to churn and mix ___. | inner oblique, longitudinal, bolus
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| Along and at the base of the gastric pits are openings of gastric glands that secrete products into the ___. | stomach
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