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APII Digestion
Digestion
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Function of the digestive system include ingest food, ____ingested material, digest the material into smaller usable components, ____the necessary digested nutrients into the____, expel waste. | transport, absorb, bloodstream |
| Chewed food mixed with saliva. | Bolus |
| Bolus processed by the stomach. | Chyme |
| The digestive system is composed of two separate categories of organs: ____organs, ____digestive organs | Digestive, Accessory |
| Digestive organs collectively make up the GI tract, also called the digestive tract or the____ ____. | alimentary canal |
| Oral cavity, ____, esophagus, stomach, ____ ____and large intestine are all digestive organs. | pharynx, small intestine |
| Accessory digestive organs ____the GI tract with digestion. | assist |
| Accessory organs: Teeth, ____, salivary glands, ____, gallbladder and ____. | tongue, liver, pancreas |
| Accessory digestive organs are not part of the long GI tube, but often develop as ____of that tube. | outgrowths |
| Digestive System Functions are ingestion, digestion, ____, peristalsis, ____, absorption, elimination of waste | propulsion, secretion |
| Ingestion is the introduction of solid and liquid material into the ____ ____. | oral cavity |
| 1st step in digesting is ____. | ingestion |
| Digestion is the breakdown of large food items into ____structures and____. | smaller, molecules |
| Mechanical digestion ____breaks down pieces. | physically |
| Chemical digestion is breaking down of food using____. | enzymes |
| ____is the movement of materials through the GI tract. | Propulsion |
| Peristalsis is muscular ____. | contraction |
| GI tract function ____is the production and releasing of mucin or fluids like acid, bile and digestive enzymes. | secretion |
| _____ is Passive or active movement of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins and water across the epithelium into GI tract blood vessels and lymphatics. | Absorption |
| ____ is wasting of undigested products as feces by defecation. | Elimination of waste |
| Propulsion of food along the GI tube involves two types of movement_____ and ____ | peristalsis, segmentation |
| ____ is the ripple-like wave of muscular contraction that forces material to move further along the GI tract. | Peristalsis |
| ____ is the churning and mixing of material helping to disperse the material and mix it and combine it with digestive organ secretions. | Segmentation |
| ____ ____ is the initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion. | Oral Cavity |
| Oral cavity is made of ____ ____ squamous epithelium lining for abrasive activities. | Nonkeratinized stratified |
| Oral cavity ____ space is between the cheeks or lips and gums. | vestibule |
| Oral cavity proper is central to the alveolar processes of____ and _____. | mandibule, maxillae |
| Oral cavity contains the following structural features: cheeks, ____, and palate, tongue, ____ ____, teeth | lips, salivary glands |
| Cheeks form the ____wall of the oral cavity and are comprised mainly of the ____ muscles. | lateral, buccinator |
| The cheeks end ____ as the lips. | anteriorly |
| Lips are lined with ____ ____ squamous epith. | keratinized stratified |
| The gingivae (gums) cover the ____ ___ of the teeth. | alveolar processes |
| The internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by a thin, midline mucosa fold called the____ ____ . | labial frenulum |
| The ____ forms the roof of the oral cavity. | palate |
| The ____ ___- ____ of the palate is called the hard palate because it is comprised of bone. The ____ ___-___ of the palate is soft and muscular and is called the soft palate. | anterior two-thirds, posterior one-third |
| Extending from the soft palate posteriorly is the____, which elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx. | uvula |
| The ____ represent the opening from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. | fauces |
| The fauces are bounded laterally by paired muscular folds: ____ arch, ____ arch | palatoglossal, palatopharyngeal |
| The superior surface of the tongue is covered by ____. | papillae |
| The tongue manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials into a____. | bolus |
| A ____is a globular mass of ingested materials that can be more easily swallowed. | bolus |
| The inferior surface of the tongue attaches to the floor of the oral cavity by a thin, midline mucous membrane called the____ ____. | lingual frenulum |
| ____glands produce and secrete saliva into the oral cavity. | Salivary |
| Saliva’s functions: ____ingested materials, moistens, cleanses, and lubricates the structures of the____ ____, chemical digestion, ____action containing lysozyme, dissolves materials so that ____ ____can be stimulated. | moistens, oral cavity, antibacterial, taste receptors |
| Three pairs of salivary glands are located external to the oral cavity:____, submandibular, sublingual glands | parotid |
| Salivary Glands produce ____/day, slightly acidic, ___% water and 0.5% solutes, contains Ions, ___, lysosome, mucin, salivary amylase | 1-1.5L, 99.5, ImG A |
| Parotid Salivary Glands, Largest of the three salivary glands, Located anterior and inferior to the ear, Secrete ___% of total saliva, Parotid duct runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the ____muscle just opposite. | 25–30, buccinator |
| Submandibular Salivary Glands: Reside inferior to the body of the mandible, Produce the majority of the saliva ____ % | 60–70% |
| A submandibular duct transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the____ ____ | lingual frenulum |
| Sublingual Salivary Glands: ____to the tongue and internal to the oral cavity, Contribute only 3–5% of total saliva | Inferior |
| Two types of secretory cells are found in salivary glands, ____ and ____ cells | Serous cells, Mucous cells |
| Mucous cells in salivary glands secrete mucin, which forms ___upon hydration | mucus |
| Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a watery fluid containing___, ____, and salivary amylase | ions, lysozyme |
| Submandibular and sublingual glands innervated by CN ____. | VII |
| Paroid gland innervated by CN ___ | IX |
| Parasympathetic stimulates ____in the GI tract. | secretion |
| The teeth are collectively known as the ____. | dentition |
| A tooth has an exposed crown, a constricted neck, and one or more roots that fit into dental ____. | alveoli |
| ____ligaments bind roots to the alveolar process to form the gomphosis joint. | Periodontal |
| ____forms the primary mass of the tooth. It is harder than bone. | Dentin |
| Each tooth root is covered with _____. | cementum |
| The external surface of the dentin is covered with a layer of ____that forms the crown of the tooth. | enamel |
| The center of the tooth is a pulp cavity that contains ____ ____called pulp. | connective tissue |
| A root canal opens into the connective tissue through an opening called the____ ____. Blood vessels and nerves pass through this opening and are housed in the pulp. | apical foramen |
| Mesial tooth surface is ____to the midline. | closest |
| Distal tooth surface is farthest from the____. | midline |
| ____tooth surface is adjacent to the cheek. | Buccal |
| Labial tooth surface is adjacent to the ___. | lip |
| ____tooth surface is facing the tongue. | Lingual |
| Occlusal tooth surface is where superior and inferior surfaces ____. | meet |
| Two sets of teeth develop and erupt in a normal lifetime _____ and _____ teeth | deciduous and permanent teeth |
| Deciduous teeth erupt between ____months, 20 in number, and are often called ____teeth | 6–30, milk |
| Permanent teeth replace the deciduous teeth and are ___in number. ____placed teeth tend to appear first. | 32, Anteriorly |
| The _____ teeth are most anteriorly placed, shaped like chisels, and have a single root | Incisors |
| Canines are posterolateral to the incisors, pointed tips for ____ and ____ | puncturing and tearing |
| Premolars are posterolateral to canines, have flat crowns with prominent ridges called ____for crushing and grinding. | cusps |
| ____are the thickest and most posterior teeth, also adapted for crushing and grinding. | molars |
| ____is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems. | Pharynx |
| Three skeletal muscle pairs of pharyngeal constrictors (____, ____, and _____) form the wall of the pharynx and participate in ____. | superior, middle, and inferior; swallowing |
| Pharyngeal constrictors constrict and then the epiglottis ____. | closes |
| CN __ innervates most pharyngeal muscles | X |
| Branches of external ____arteries supply the pharynx | carotid |
| Internal ____veins drain the pharynx | jugular |
| Abdominopelvic cavity is covered with moist serous membranes called parietal and visceral _____. | peritoneum |
| Organs that are completely surrounded by visceral peritoneum are called ____organs. They include the stomach and most of the small intestines. | intraperitoneal |
| Organs that are only covered on their anterolateral surfaces with visceral peritoneum are called ____organs. Examples are the pancreas, ascending and descending colon of the large intestines, and the rectum. | retroperitoneal |
| ____are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoneal GI tract organs. | Mesenteries |
| Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves are sandwiched between the two ____ ____and supply the digestive organs. | mesentery folds |
| ____ ____extends inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most of the abdominal organs. | Greater omentum |
| The lesser omentum connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and the proximal end of the ____to the liver. | duodenum |
| The mesentery proper suspends most of the ___ ____from the posterior abdominal wall. | small intestines |
| The ____is a peritoneal fold that attaches parts of the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. | mesocolon |
| ____ligament is a fold that attaches one organ to another or an organ to the anterior or lateral abd. wall. | Peritoneal |
| ____peritoneal ligament attaches the superior surface of liver to the diaphragm. | Coronary |
| Falciform peritoneal ligament attaches ____to anterior internal abdominal wall. | liver |
| The wall of the GI tract is composed of four concentric layers called tunics. From deep to superficial they are ____, _____, mucularis, _____ or _____. | mucosa, submucosa, adventitia or serosa |
| 3 parts to the mucosa layer of the GI tract: Superficial epithelium, An underlying ____connective tissue, called the lamina propria, and a thin layer of___ ____ , called the muscularis mucosae | areolar, smooth muscle |
| Submucosa is composed of ___ ____ connective tissue and includes: lymphatic ducts, mucin-secreting glands, blood vessels, and nerves | dense irregular |
| The nerves and their associated ganglia in the submucosa are referred to as the submucosal nerve plexus or ____ ____ | Meissner plexus |
| Muscularis consists of two layers of smooth muscle____ ____ , ____ ____ layers | outer longitudinal, inner circular |
| inner circular layer of the muscularis ____the lumen and forms sphincters when thickened. | constricts |
| outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis ____the tube | shorten |
| Two exceptions to the muscularis tunic of the GI tract are the____ and ____. | esophagus and stomach |
| Nerve fibers and associated ganglia in the muscularis tunic between the two layers of muscles is called the myenteric nerve plexus or ______ plexus | Auerbach |
| Adventitia or Serosa is the ____tunic layer. | outermost |
| Adventitia tunic consists of areolar connective tissue with dispersed ____ and ____fibers. Retroperitoneal organs. | collagen and elastic |
| Serosa tunic is the same as adventitia but covered by ____peritoneum. Intraperitoneal organs. | visceral |
| Three unpaired arteries supply the abdominal GI tract: ____trunk, Superior, and Inferior ____arteries | celiac, mesenteric |
| The branches travel within the tunics and mucosa of the GI tract contain capillaries with fenestrates ____cells. | endothelial |
| Lacteals are present in villi of the ____ ____. | small intestines |
| Lymph ducts transport lymph to the cisterna chyli, which drains into the ____ ____. | thoracic duct |
| Lymphatic structures called MALT are found in the small intestine and appendix. These aggregate nodules are called ____ _____. | Peyer patches |
| ____nerve plexus: Sympathetic axons (T5-T9), parasympathetic axons (vagus). | Celiac |
| Superior mesenteric nerve plexus: SA (T8-T12), PA (____). | vagus |
| Inferior mesenteric nerve plexus: SA (L_-L_), PA (pelvic splanchnic nerves). | L1-L2 |
| ____ innervation in the GI tract promotes activity, gland secretion, peristalsis, and relaxes sphincters, and vasodilation | Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic innervation in the GI tract ___ activity. | Inhibits |
| A tubular passageway that conducts ingested materials from the pharynx to the stomach. | Esophagus |
| The esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal ____as it connects to the stomach. | hiatus |
| The esophagus is approximately __cm long coursing anterior to the vertebral bodies | 25 |
| The esophagus is about 1.5 cm is in ____prior to changing into the stomach | abdomen |
| Esophagus is a thick ____ ____squamous epith. | nonkeratinized stratified |
| The esophagus has thick____, abundant elastic fibers and abundant mucus glands. | submucosa |
| The esophagus’ muscularis tunic has an inner ____layer and outer ____layer and contains a blend of skeletal and smooth fibers. | circular, longitudinal |
| Outer wall of the esophagus is ____. | adventitia |
| The esophagus has two sphincters: ____ and ____ esophageal sphincters | Inferior and superior |
| ____ ____ sphincter is at the junction of the pharynx and the esophagus; closes during inhalation preventing air from entering the GI tract. | Superior esophageal |
| Inferior esophageal sphincter is at the junction of the esophagus and the____; along with the esophageal opening of the____, prevents materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus | stomach, diaphragm |
| During the ____phase of swallowing bolus is formed and pushed superiorly against the hard palate by the tongue and projected towards the oropharynx. | voluntary |
| During the ____phase of swallowing bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage and the larynx elevates towards epiglottis. | pharyngeal |
| During the esophageal phase swallowing is____. Bolus passes through esophagus (5-8sec) into the stomach. | involuntary |
| Pancreatic juice is excreted by ___ cells organized into large clusters or ___, along with mucin. ___ is also secreted by the pancreas. | acinar, acini, bicarbonate |
| Most ducts travel and merge in the pancreatic duct that drains into the ___ of the duodenum. | papilla |
| ___ is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in intestinal glands to promote secretion of juices. | Cholecystokinin |
| Pancreatic juice secretion is stimulated by the ___ nerve. | vagus (PNS) |
| The ___ ___ is a network of thin ducts that transport bile from liver and gall bladder to duodenum. | biliary apparatus |
| Function of the gall bladder is ___, not ___ of bile. | storage, production |
| Left and right lobes of the liver drain bile into the left and right ___ ___. | hepatic ducts. |
| Left and right hepatic ducts merge to form the ___ ___ ___. | common hepatic duct. |
| The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct merge to form the ___ ___ ___. | common bile duct. |
| The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum through the ___ ___. | hepatopancreatic ampulla. |
| The structural components of a portal triad are the branches of the ___ ___ vein, ___ artery and ___ ___. | hepatic portal, hepatic, bile duct |
| What is the function of the gallbladder? To ___ and ___ bile. | concentrate, store |
| The function of the pancreatic acini is to secrete ___ and ___ ___ of the pancreatic juice. | mucin, digestive enzymes |
| The ___ produces bile. | liver |
| A function of the ___ is detoxification of drugs, metabolites and poisons. | liver |
| The liver stores excess ___ and ___. | nutrients, vitamins. |
| ____ in the ___ synthesize blood plasma proteins like albumins, globulins and proteins for blood clotting. | Hepatocytes, liver |
| The liver contains ___ cells for break down of debris and aged erythrocytes or formed elements. | phagocytic |
| The gall bladder is embedded on the ___ surface of the liver. | inferior |
| The ___ ___ functions to collect and concentrate bile. | gall bladder |
| The ___ ___ connects the gall bladder to the common bile duct. | cystic duct |
| The gall bladder can hold ___ to ___ mL of concentrated bile. | 40-60 |
| The gall bladder has three regions: the neck, with a sphincter valve to control flow, the body and the ___. | fundus |
| The pancreas has both ___ and ___ functions. | endocrine, exocrine |
| The pancreas has exocrine functions that involve secreting digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, collectively called ___ ___, into the duodenum via the ___ ___ duct. | pancreatic juices, main pancreatic |
| The head of the pancreas is wide and adjacent to the ___. | duodenum. |
| The body of the pancreas is elongated and projects toward the left lateral ___ ___. | abdominal wall |
| The tail of the pancreas tapers as it approaches the ___. | spleen. |
| In the liver, there are several ___ ___ around the central vein. | portal triads |
| The portal triads in the liver that are located around the central vein are called ___ ___. | hepatic sinusoids |
| Hepatic sinusoids are lined with ___ cells (kupffer cells) which are phagocytic cells. | reticuloendothelial |
| Hepatocytes absorb ___ and form ___ that assists with the chemical digestion of fats. | nutrients, bile |
| Bile is released through ___ ___ to the bile duct in the portal triad. | bile canaliculus |
| The liver is located in the ___ ___ of the abdomen. | right quadrant |
| The liver weighs about ___ to ___kg. | 1 to 2 |
| The liver is comprised of four incompletely separated lobes: right, left, ___ and ___ | caudate, quadrate |
| The right lobe of the liver is separated from the left lobe by the ___ ___ that secures the liver to the abdomen wall. | falciform ligament |
| The round ligament in the liver is the remnant of the ___ ___ vein. | fetal umbilical |
| The caudate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___ ___ ___. | inferior vena cava |
| The quadrate lobe of the liver is adjacent to the ___. | gallbladder |
| A connective tissue capsule forms septa that partition the liver into ___ ___. | hepatic lobules |
| ___ ___ are the functional units of the liver. | Hepatic lobules |
| Hepatic lobules contain cells called ___. | hepatocytes |
| At the periphery of each lobule of the liver there are several ___ ___. | portal triads |
| The liver has dual blood supply. True or false | true |
| The ___ ___vein carries blood to the liver from the GI tract, spleen and pancreas. It is rich in nutrients but poor in ___. | hepatic portal, oxygen |
| The ___ ___ ___ splits into left and right hepatic arteries and is well oxygenated. | hepatic artery proper |
| The hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper mix in the ___ ___. | hepatic lobules |
| Numerous hepatic veins drain into the ___ ___ ___. | inferior vena cava |
| The descending colon originates at the left ___ ___. It is found along the ___ side of the abdomen. | colic flexure, left |
| The descending colon makes contact with the iliac fossa and terminates into the ___ ___. | sigmoid colon |
| The shape of the sigmoid colon resembles the letter S. It originates at the ___ ___ and enters the pelvic cavity. Then it turns inferomedially and is suspended by the ___ ___. | sigmoid flexure, sigmoid mesentery |
| The ___ ___ terminates as the rectum. | sigmoid colon |
| Muscular tube that readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation is the ___. | rectum |
| Three thick, transverse folds of the rectum, called ___ ___ , ensure that fecal material is retained during the passage of gas. | rectal valves |
| The ___ terminates at the anal canal. | rectum |
| The ___ ___ is the terminal few centimeters of the large intestine. | anal canal |
| The anal canal passes through an opening in the ___ ___ muscles of the pelvic floor. | levator ani |
| Anal ___ line the internal surface of the anal canal. | columns |
| Anal sinuses secrete ___ for lubrication during defecation by the pressure exerted by feces. | mucin |
| Internal and external anal sphincters open and close the anal canal during ___. | defecation |
| The large intestine is lined with ___ ___epithelium and goblet cells, which secrete ___ to lubricate the fecal material. | simple columnar, mucin |
| Longitudinal muscle of the large intestine wall is incomplete, forming bundles called ___ ___. | teniae coli |
| The teniae coli bunch up the large intestines into many sacs, collectively called ___. | haustra |
| In the large intestine, extending off the external surface of the haustra, are lobules of fat called ___ appendices or ___ appendages. | omental, epiploic |
| The ingestion of food increases peristaltic movements in the ileum, opening the ileocecal valve, called ___ reflex. | gastroileal |
| The gastroileal reflex produces more: ___ movements, ___ churning and ___ movements. | peristaltic, haustral, mass |
| Peristaltic movements are weak and ___. | sluggish. |
| Haustral churning: Distention with feces produces contraction for passage to the next ___ by relfex. | haustra |
| Mass movements are powerful, peristaltic contractions involving the ___ ___ to propel feces to the rectum. They occur 2-3 times a day after a meal and are called ___ reflex. | teniae coli, gastrocolic |
| The accessory digestive organs include the following organs that facilitate chemical digestive activities of the GI tract: ___, ___ ___, ___ and ___ ___. | liver, gall bladder, pancreas, biliary apparatus |
| The duodenum is c-shaped and located in the ___ ___ quadrant. | upper right |
| The duodenum becomes continuous with the jejunum at the ___ ___. | duodenojejunal flexure (midline) |
| The duodenum is connected to the liver by the ___ ___. | lesser omentum |
| The ___ ___ ___ is the site where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the duodenum. | major duodenal papilla |
| Middle portion of the small intestine is the ___. | jejunum |
| Primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the ___. | jejunum |
| The jejunum is suspended by the ___ ___. | mesentery proper |
| The last segment of the small intestine is the ___. | ileum |
| The distal end of the ileum terminates at the ileocecal valve, a sphincter that controls the entry of materials into the ___ ___. | large intestine |
| The ileum is suspended by the ___ ___. | mesentery proper |
| Internally, the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine are thrown into folds called the ___ folds or ___ ___. They help increase surface area of absorption and delay passage. | circular, plicae circulares |
| Circular folds, or plicae circulares, are more numerous in the ___ and ___ and least numerous in the ___. | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of circular folds and microscopic fingerlike projections called ___ can be seen on surface of the ___. | villi, microvilli, villi |
| Each villi in the small intestine contains an arteriole, a ___, and ___ for absorption. | venule, capillaries |
| In the small intestine, ___ at the center of the villus, are responsible for absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins, too large to be absorbed by capillaries. | lacteals |
| There are three phases of swallowing: ___, ___ and ___. | voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal |
| Bolus is formed and pushed superiorly against the hard palate by the tongue. Projected towards the oropharynx. Which swallowing phase is this? | voluntary phase |
| Bolus in the oropharynx, swallowing reflex begins. Soft palate and uvula elevate to block airway passage. Larynx elevates towards epiglottis. Which swallowing phase is this? | pharyngeal phase |
| Involuntary. Bolus passes through esophagus (5-8sec) into the stomach. Which swallowing phase is this? | esophageal phase |
| The stomach is in the upper left quadrant of abdomen, inferior to the ___. | diaphragm |
| The stomach continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of the ___. | bolus |
| The bolus eventually is processed into a pasty soup called ___. | chyme |
| The stomach possesses how many layers of muscle? | 3 |
| The stomach secretes ___ and ___. | acids, enzymes |
| The stomach is composed of four regions: the ___, ___, ___ and ___. | cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
| The stomach’s cardia is the opening at the ___ ___. | cardiac orifice |
| The stomach’s fundus is superior to the ___ opening and is adjacent to the ___. | esophageal, diaphrahgm |
| The largest region of the stomach is it’s ___. | body |
| The stomach’s pylorus is divided into the ___ ___ and the ___ ___. | pyloric antrum, pyloric canal |
| The ___ ___ is the stomach’s opening with the duodenum of the small intestine. | pyloric orifice |
| The ___ ___ is the thick ring of circular smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric orifice. | pyloric sphincter. |
| The inferior border of the stomach is the ___ curvature and the superior border is the ___ curvature. | greater, lesser |
| The internal surface of the stomach is thrown into folds called ___ ___ or ___. | gastric folds, rugae |
| The large intestine is comprised of the following structures: ___, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ colon, ___ and ___ ___. | cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal |
| First part of large intestine is the ___. | cecum |
| The ___ is in the large intestine, it’s a blind sac located in lower right quadrant of abdomen. | cecum |
| The cecum extends inferiorly from the ___ ___. It represents the junction between the small intestine and large intestine. | ileocecal valve |
| The vermiform appendix is lined with ___ nodules. | lymphatic |
| The ascending colon originates at the ___ ___ and extends along the right side of abdomen. | ileocecal valve |
| The ascending colon is retroperitoneal. true or false | true |
| As the ascending colon approaches the inferior border of the liver, it makes a 90-degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___. | right colic flexure, hepatic flexure |
| The ___ ___ originates at the right colic flexure and approaches the spleen in the upper left abdominal quadrant. | transverse colon |
| The transverse colon is suspended by the ___ ___. | transverse mesocolon |
| The transverse colon makes a 90-degree turn inferiorly at the spleen; this bend in the colon is called the ___ ___ ___ or ___ ___. | left colic flexure, splenic flexure |
| The ___ ___ ___ and ligamentum venosum form the inferior vertical parts of the liver. | inferior vena cava |
| In the liver, the ___ ___ and round ligament form the superior vertical parts. | gall bladder |
| The ___ ___ in the liver represents the horizontal crossbar; this is where the blood vessels (hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper) and lymphatic vessels, bile ducts, and nerves enter and leave the liver. | porta hepatis |
| The small intestine consists of three specific segments (from proximal to distal from the stomach): ___ (___cm), ___ (___m), ___ (___m) | duodenum, 25m (10 inches), jejunum, 2.5m (7.5 feet), ileum, 3.6m (10.8 feet) |
| The small intestine has intestinal glands or ___ of ___. They are enteroendocrine cells that release___, ___, gastric inhibitory peptide (prolong time of stomach emptying) and goblet cells. | crypts, Lieberkuhn, secretin, cholecystokinin |
| Brunner glands in the small intestine release ___ mucus to protect ___ from acids. | alkaline, duodenum |
| The large intestine forms a three-sided perimeter around the centrally located ___ ___. | small intestine |
| The diameter is of the large intestine is ___ cm vs. 2.5 cm of the small intestine. | 6.5 |
| The ___ intestine absorbs fluids and ions and compacts undigestible wastes and solidifies them into feces. | large |
| The large intestine absorbs a large/small amount of nutrients. | very small |
| The ___ ___ stores the feces until defecation (expulsion of the feces). | large intestine |
| 5 types of secretory cells form gastric epithelium: ___ ___ cells, ___ ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells, ___ cells. | surface mucous, mucous neck, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine |
| Surface mucous cells secrete ___ to prevent ulceration. | mucin |
| Mucous neck cells secrete ___ ___ to maintain acidic conditions. | acidic mucin |
| Parietal cells, HCl secreted for chemical digestion of proteins, secretes ___ ___ to absorb B12 in the ileum. | intrinsic factor |
| Chief cells secrete ___ ___ to be activated by the HCl into pepsin who digests denatured proteins. | inactive pepsinogen |
| Enteroendocrine cells secrete ___ that enters blood to stimulate secretion of chief and parietal cells. | gastrin Somatostatin. |
| The ___ ___ finishes the chemical digestion process and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients (90%). | small intestine |
| Ingested materials spend at least ___ hours in the small intestine while chemical digestion and absorption are completed. | 12 |
| About 6 meters (20 feet) long in an unembalmed cadaver but much shorter in a living individual due to ___ ___. | muscle tone |
| The small intestine extends from the ___ to cecum of large intestine. | pylorus |
| Blood supply and innervation of the small intestine in the ___ ___ artery and plexus. | superior mesenteric |
| The wall of the stomach is lined by ___ ___ epithelium although little absorption occurs in the stomach. | simple columnar |
| The stomach lining is indented by numerous depressions called ___ ___ which have gastric gland openings. | gastric pits |
| The stomach lining does not contain goblet cells, but ___ ___ cells. | surface mucous |
| The muscularis of the stomach has 3 layers: ___ ___ layer, middle circular layer and outer ___ layer. It has 3 layers ddue to the fact that they need to churn and mix ___. | inner oblique, longitudinal, bolus |
| Along and at the base of the gastric pits are openings of gastric glands that secrete products into the ___. | stomach |
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