Chapter 12 - The Heart
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| The ______ is in the _______ cavity between the lungs in the space called the mediastinum. | heart, thoracic
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| what is the function of the hear? | to pump blood
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| the diaphragm is directly ______ the heart. | below
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| in the embryo, the heart begins to beat at __ weeks of age. | four
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| The heart is enclosed in the ________ membranes. | pericardial
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| There are three layers of pericardial membranes. What are they? | fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium or epicardium.
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| What layer is the fibrous pericardium? | The outermost layer
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| What is the fibrous pericardium? | A loose fitting sac of strong fibrous connective tissue that extends inferiorly over the diaphragm and superiorly over the bases of the large vessels that enter and leave the heart.
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| What is another name for the visceral pericardium? | epicardium
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| Between the parietal and visceral pericardial membranes is ______ fluid. | serous
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| What is the function of serous fluid? | to prevent friction as the heart beats.
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| the _____ of the four chambers of the heart are made of cardiac muscle called the myocardium. | walls
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| How many chambers does the heart have? | four
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| endocardium is simple _________ ___________ lining the 4 chambers, valves and vessels. | squamous epithelium
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| What are the names of the upper chambers of the heart? | the right and left atria
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| what is the name of the wall that seperates the right and left atria? | interatrial septum
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| the lower chambers of the heart are called the right and left ________. | ventricles
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| the right and left ventricles are seperated by thick walls called the ___________ ______. | interventricular septum
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| What does the atria recieve blood from? | the body or lungs
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| the ventricles pump blood to either the _____ or the _____. | lungs or the body
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| the two large caval veins return blood from the body to the ______ ______. | right atrium
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| the superior _____ _____ carries blood from the upper body. | vena cava
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| the ________ ____ ____ carries blood from the lower body. | inferior vena cava
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| from the right atrium, blood will flow through the right atrioventricular valve or the _________ _____ into the right ventricle. | tricuspid valve
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| the triscupid valve is made of three ____ or cusps of the endocardium reinforced with connective tissue. | flaps
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| what is the general purpose of all valves in the circulatory system? | to prevent backflow of blood
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| the specific purpose of the _______ valve is to prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium when the right ventricle __________. | tricuspid, contracts
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| as the ventricle contracts, blood is forced behind the three valve flaps, forcing them _______ and together to _____ the valve | upward, close
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| the left atrium receives blood from the lungs, by way of four _________ veins. | pulmonary
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| the left atrioventricular valve is also referred to as the _____ valve or the _________ valve. | mitral, bicuspid
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| the mitral valve prevents backflow of blood from the left _______ to the ______ atrium when the left ventricle _________. | ventricle, atrium, contracts
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| What is another function of the _____ is the production of a hormone involved in blood pressure maintenance. | atria
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| what is another name of atrial natriuretic peptide? | atrial natriuretic hormone.
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| What is the function of the atrial natriuretic hormone? | when the walls of the atria are stretched by increased blood volume or blood pressure the cells produce this hormone.
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| ANP __________ the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys. | decreases
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| the loss of water lowers the blood _______ and blood ________. | volume, pressure
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| ANP is an antagonist to the hormone ___________ which _______ blood pressure. | aldosterone, raises
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| when the right ventricle contracts, the _________ valve ________ and the blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. | tricuspid, closes
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| another name for the pulmonary semilunar valve is what? | pulmonary valve
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| the pulmonary valve has __ (number) flaps which are forced open when the right ventricle ______ and pumps blood in to the _________ artery. | 3, contracts, pulmonary
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| when the right ventricle _______, blood tends to come back, but this fills the flaps and closes the pulmonary valve to prevent __________ of blood to the ______ ventricle. | relaxes, backflow, right
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| what are the columns called that project in to the lower part right ventricle? | papillary muscles
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| strands of fibrous connective tissue, the _______ __________, extend from the papillary muscles to the flaps of the tricuspid valve. | chordae tendonae
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| when the right ventricle contracts, the papillary muscles also contract and pull on the chordae tendonae to _______ inversion of the ________ valve. | prevent, tricuspid
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| which walls are thicker the left ventricle or the right ventricle? | the left ventricle
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| what is the purpose of the left ventricle walls being so thick? | to enable the left ventricle to contract more forcefully.
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| the left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the _____. | aorta
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| true or false: the aorta is the third largest artery in the body. | false. it is the largest artery in the body
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| where is the aortic semilunar valve? | at the junction of the aorta and the left ventricle.
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| the aortic valve is opened by the force of ___________ of the left ventricle which also closes the _______ valve. | contraction, mitral
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| the aortic valve _____ when the left ventricle _______. | closes, relaxes
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| when the mitral valve closes, is prevents backflow of blood to the ______ atrium. | left
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| the flaps of the mitral valve are also anchored by ________ _________ and papillary muscles. | chordae tendonae
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| what is the fibrous connective tissue that anchors the outer edges of the valve flaps and keeps the valve openings from stretching? | fibrous skeleton of the heart
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| the fibrous skeleton of the heart also seperates the _________of the atria from reaching the _________. | myocardium, ventricles
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| the right side of the heart recieves ____________ blood from the body and pumps it to the _______. | deoxygenated, lungs
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| the left side of the heart receives _________ blood from the lungs and pumps it to the ______. | oxygenated, body
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| both atria work _______. | simultaneously
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| at what part of the heart are the right and left coronary arteries located? | they are the first branches of the ascending aorta and just beyond the aortic semilunar valve.
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| the coronary capillaries merge to form coronary ______. | veins
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| the coronary veins empty blood into the large coronary sinus that returns blood to the ______ _______. | right atrium
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| what is the purpose of the coronary vessels? | to supply blood to the myocardium.
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| ______ is essential for normal myocardial contraction. | oxygen
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| what happens when a coronary artery becomes obstructed by a blood clot? | part of the myocardium becomes ischemic.
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| what is ischemic? | the myocardium becomes deprived of its blolod supply.
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| what is the medical term for a heart attack? | a myocardial infarction
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| what causes a myocardial infarction. | prolonged ischemia
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| the cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in ___ heartbeat. | one
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| _____ is another term for contraction. | systole
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| blood is constantly flowing from the _____ into both _____. | veins, atria
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| as blood accumulates, its pressure forces open the right and left ___ ______. | AV valves
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| two thirds of the atrial blood flows ________ into the ventricles. | passively
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| when the atria contract, it pumps the remaining blood into the ________. | ventricles
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| ventricular contraction forces blood against the _____ of the right and left AV valve and _____ them. | flap, closes
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| most blood flows passively from _____ to ______. | atria, ventricles
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| ALL blood to the arteries is ______ pumped by the ______. | actively, ventricles
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| if any of the valves do not close properly and extra sound called a _____ ______ can be heard. | heart murmur
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| What medical device do you most commonly use to listen to the heart beat? | a stethoscope
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| the cardiac cycles is a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the _______ activity of the ______. | electrical, myocardium
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| cardiac muscles have the ability to contract __________. | spontaneously.
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| what is stenosis? | abnormal narrowing of the valve
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| what are intercalated discs? | folds of the cell membrane.
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| where are intercalated discs? | at the ends of adjacent cardiac muscle cells
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| the presence of intercalated discs enables the ________ ________ to travel rapidly. | electrical impluse
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| the natural pacemaker of the heart is the ________ ________. | sinoatrial node or the SA node
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| what is the function of the SA node? | a specialized group of cardiac muscles located in the wall of the right atrium just below the opening of the SVA.
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| where is the atriventricular (AV) node located? | in the lower interatrial septum.
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| the transmission of _______ from the SA node to the AV node and to the rest of the atrial _________ brings about atrial ______. | impulses, myocardium, systole
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| what carries the signal from the AV node to the bundle branches? | the atrioventricular bundle
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| what is another name for the atrioventricular bundle? | the bundle of His.
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| ______ fibers brin the signal to the ventricles. | purkinje
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| what medical device is commonly used to measure the electrical activity of the heart? | the electrocardiogram (ECG)
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| what are arrythmias? | irregular heartbeats
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| _________ is uncoordinated contraction? | fibrillation
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| what is pulse? | measurement of the heart rate at a vessel
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| what is a normal pulse range for adults? | 60-80 beats per minute
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| ______ is less than 60 BPM. | bradycardia
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| tachycardia is more than ___ BPM. | 100
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| cardiac output is the amount of blood _____ by a ventricle in 60 seconds. | pumped
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| stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in __ ______. | one beaat
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| cardiac reserve is the difference between _______ output and _______ output in liters. | resting, maximum
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| the ______ has the ability to influence the rate of contraction. | central nervous system (CNS)
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| the medulla contains two cardiac centers. what are they? | the accelerator center and the inhibitory center
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| what is the accelerator center? | heart rate is carried out by the SNS
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| what is the inhibitory center? | heart rate is carried out by the PSNS
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| __________ and/or baroreceptors detect pressure in the arteries. | pressoreceptors
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| where are pressoreceptors/barroreceptors located? | located in the carotid and aortic sinuses.
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| chemoreceptors detect ______ content in the _____. | oxygen, blood
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| where are the chemoreceptors located? | located in the carotid and aortic bodies
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