phm 316 ch 11
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| aden/o | gland
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| adren/o | adrenal gland
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| adrenal/o | adrenal gland
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| andr/o | male
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| crin/o | to secrete
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| dips/o | thirst
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| gluc/o | sugar
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| glucos/o | sugar
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| glyc/o | sugar
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| glycos/o | sugar
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| hormon/o | hormone (urging on)
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| ket/o | ketone bodies
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| keton/o | ketone bodies
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| thym/o | thymus gland
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| thyr/o | thyroid gland
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| thyroid/o | thyroid gland
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| adrenal glands | located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine aka suprarenal glands
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| suprarenal glands | located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine aka adrenal glands
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| steroid hormones | regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; some effect on sexual characteristics. glucocorticoids, mineral corticoids, androgens
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine | affect sympathetic nervous system in stress response
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| ovaries | located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone
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| exophthalmos | protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
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| exophthalmus | protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball
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| glucosuria | glucose in the urine
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| glycosuria | glucose in the urine
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| hirsutism | shaggy; an excessive growth of hair especially in unusual places (ex woman with a beard)
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| hypercalcemia | an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
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| hypocalcemia | an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
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| hyperglycemia | high blood sugar
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| hypoglycemia | low blood sugar
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| hyperkalemia | an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
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| hypokalemia | deficient level of potassium in the blood
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| hypernatremia | excessive level of sodium ions in the blood
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| hyponatremia | low level of sodium ions in the blood
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| hypersecretion | abnormally increased secretion
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| hyposecretion | decreased secretion
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| ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal utilization of carbohydrates as seen in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation (acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid)
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| metabolism | all chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
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| polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| polyuria | excessive urination
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| estrogen and progesterone | responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction
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| pancreas(islets of langerhans) | located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. Secrete insulin and glucagon to regulate carbohydrate/sugar metabolism
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| parathyroid glands | located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck. secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism
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| pineal gland | located in the center of the brain. secrete melatonin and serotonin. melatonin affects onset of puberty and exact function is unknown, serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is a precursor to melatonin
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| pituitary gland | located at the base of the brain.
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| anterior pituitary | secretes TSH, ACTH. FSH, LH, MSH, GH, and prolactin
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| posterior pituitary | releases ADH and oxytocin
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| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulate secretion from thyroid gland
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH | stimulates secretion from the adrenal cortex
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| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | initiates growth or ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
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| luteinizing hormone (LH) | causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in the testes
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| melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) | affects skin pigmentation
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| growth hormone (GH) | influences growth
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| prolactin (lactogenic hormone) | stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | influences the absorption of water by the kidney tubules
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| oxytocin | influences uterine contraction
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| testes | located one on each side within the scrotum in the male. secretes testosterone to affect masculinization and reproduction
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| thymus gland | located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart. secretes thymosin to regulate the immune response
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| thyroid gland | located in front of the neck, sectetes triiodothyronine(t3) thyroxine (t4) (t3 and t4 regulate metabolsim) and calcitonin (regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism)
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