Chapter 11, page 470
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| the digestive system is AKA | GastroIntestinal(GI) system
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| or/o, or stomat/o | oral cavity (mouth)
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| Digestion begins in the | oral cavity (mouth)
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| Digestion is the | breaking down of food into small parts
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| oral | pertaining to the oral cavity (mouth)
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| herpetic stomatitis | inflammation of the oral cavity (mouth) caused by the Herpes Simplex Virus 1(HSV1) AKA "cold sores or fever blister"
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| Mechanical digestion involves | mastication (chewing)
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| mastication | chewing
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| bucc/o | cheek
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| buccal | pertaining to the cheek
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| gloss/o or lingu/o | tongue
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| glossectomy | surgical removal of the tongue
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| sublingual | pertaining to under the tongue AKA hypoglossal
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| glossorrhaphy | suturing of the tongue
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| glossopathy | disease condition of the tongue
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| Chemical digestion includes the secretion of | 1. saliva 2. HCl (hydrochloric acid)
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| HCl | HyrdoChloric acid
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| HCl (hydrochloric acid) is found in the | stomach
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| gingiv/o | gingiva(e) AKA gum(s)
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| gingivitis | inflammation of the gingivae (gums)
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| gingivectomy | surgical removal of a gingiva (singular)
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| palat/o | hard and soft palate
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| the hard and soft palate are located in the | superior portion of the oral cavity (mouth)
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| palatitis | inflammation of a palate
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| palatoplasty | surgical repair of a palate
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| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat)
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| pharyngitis | inflammation of the pharynx (throat)
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| esophag/o | esophagus
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| esophagus is the | tube connecting the pharynx(throat) and the stomach
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| esophagotomy | surgical incision of the esophagus
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| esophagoscope | a lighted instrument to view the esophagus
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| atresia | closure
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| congenital | born with it
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| esophageal atresia | a (congenital) closure of the esophagus
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| gastr/o | stomach
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| stomach is located in the | Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) of the abdomen
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| gastritis | inflammation of the stomach
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| gastrotomy | surgical incision of the stomach
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| gastrostomy | a new or artifical opening in the stomach
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| gastrectomy | surgical removal of the stomach
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| stomatogastric | pertaining to the oral cavity and stomach
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| gastroscopy | the process of viewing the stomach with a lighted instrument
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| gastrodynia | a condition of stomach pain
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| nasogastric (NG) | pertaining to the nose and stomach
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| esophagogastroplasty | surgical repair of the esophagus and stomach
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| GERD | GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease
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| reflux means | regurgitation or backflow
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| duoden/o | duodenum
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| duodenum is the | first (1st) section of the small intestine(small bowel)
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| EsophagoGastroDuodenoscopy (EGD) | the process of viewing the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a lighted instrument
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| jenjun/o | jejunum
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| jejunum is the | second (2nd) section of the small instestine (small bowel)
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| anastomosis | joining
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| jejunojejuno anastomosis | a joining of one section of the jejunum to another section of the jejunum
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| gastrojejunostomy | a new or artifical opening between the stomach and jejunum
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| ile/o | ileum
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| ileum is the | third (3rd) section of the small intestine (small bowel)
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| ileostomy | a new or artificial opening into the ileum
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| enter/o | small intestine or small bowel
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| dysentery | a condition of painful small instestine (small bowel)
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| enterorrhaphy | suturing of the small intestine (small bowel)
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| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the stomach and the small intestine (small bowel)
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| gastroenterologist | specialist in the study of the stomach and small intestine (small bowel)
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| cec/o | cecum
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| cecum is the | 1st section of the large intestine (large bowel or colon)
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| ileocecal | pertaining to the ileum (3rd section of small intestine) and cecum (1st section of large intestine)
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| appendo/o, appendic/o | appendix
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| the appendix is a | finger like projection off the cecum (1st section of large intestine/colon)
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| the appendix is located | in the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen, more specifically "the right inquinal (iliac) region of the abdomen
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| appendectomy | surgical removal of the appendix
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| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix
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| the ascending colon is the | 2nd section of the large intestine (large bowel or colon)
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| the transverse colon is the | 3rd section of the large intestine (large bowel or colon)
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| the descending colon is the | 4th section of the large intestine (large bowel or colon)
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| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon
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| sigmoid colon is the | 5th section of the large intestine (large bowel or colon)
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| sigmoidoscope | a lighted instrument to view the sigmoid colon
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| sigmoidoscopy | the process of viewing the sigmoid colon with a lighted instrument
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| rect/o | rectum
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| the rectum is the | 6th section of the large intestine (large bowel or colon)
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| rectocele | a herniation of the rectum
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| an/o | anus
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| the anus is the | last section of the large intestine (large bowel or colon)
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| sphincter | a ring of muscles that opens and closes
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| anoplasty | surgical repair of the anus
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| proct/o | anus and rectum
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| proctologist | a specialist in the study of the anus and rectum
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| proctoptosia | drooping or sagging of the anus and rectum AKA prolapse of the anus and rectum
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| -ptosis | drooping or sagging
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| proctoscope | a lighted instrument to view the anus and rectum
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| proctosigmoidoscopy | process of viewing the anus, rectum, and sigmoid colon with a lighted instrument
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| col/o or colon/o | colon or large instestine or large bowel
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| colitis | inflammation of the colon
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| Ulcerative Colitis (US) | inflammation of the colon and the presence of ulcers
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| colotomy | surgical incision of the colon
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| colectomy | surgical removal of the colon
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| colonoscope | a lighted instrument to view the colon
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| colonoscopy | the process of viewing the colon with a lighted instrument
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| colostomy | a new or artificial opening into the colon
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| gastroenterocolitis | inflammation of the stomach, small intestine, and colon
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| hepat/o | liver
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| the liver is located in the | Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
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| the liver is made up of sections called | lobes
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| the liver is responsible for | creating bile
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| the function of bile is to | emulsify (emulsification) means to break up fats
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| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver
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| hepatoma | tumor or mass of the liver
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| hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver
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| chole- | bile or gall (by golly)
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| cyst/o | bladder
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| cholecyst/o | gall bladder
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| The gall bladder is responsible for | storing the bile
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| the gall bladder is located | inferior to the liver
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| choledoch/o | bile duct
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| doch/o | duct
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| a duct (angi/o) is a | vessel
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| bile ducts | carry bile from the liver to the gall bladder and from the gall bladder to the duodenum (1st section of the small intestine)
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| choledocholithiasis | abnormal condition of a stone(s) in a bile duct
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| lith/o | stone(s)
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| choledocholithotomy | surgical incision of a bile duct to remove a stone
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| choledocholithectomy | surgical removal of a stone from a bile duct
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| choledocholithotripsy | crushing a stone in a bile duct
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| -tripsy | crushing
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| cholangioma | tumor or mass of a bile vessel
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| cholangiogram | a record of a bile vessel
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| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gall bladder
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| cholecystogram | a record of the gall bladder
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| cholelithiasis | abnormal condition of a gall stone(s)
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| pancreat/o | pancreas
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| the pancreas is located | posterior to the stomach (retrogastric) (-retro means behind)
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| pancreas creates enzymes that will | aid in chemical digestion
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| bile flows | through ducts
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| pancreatic | pertaining to the pancreas
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| peritone/o, or abdomin/o, or lapar/o | abdomen
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| peritoneal | pertaining to the peritoneum (inside of the abdomen)
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| peritonitis | inflammation of the abdomen
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| abdominal | pertaining to the abdomen
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| abdominoplasty | surgical repair of the abdomen
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| abdominocentesis | surgical puncture of the abdomen
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| laparotomy | surgical incision of the abdomen
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| laparoscope | a lighted instrument to view the abdomen
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| laparoscopy | process of viewing the abdomen with a lighted instrument
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| laparoscopic cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gall bladder using a lighted instrument inserted through an opening in the abdomen
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| diverticul/o | diverticulum(a)
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| diverticula are | blister-like lesions found in the large bowel
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| diverticulosis | abnormal condition of diverticula
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| diverticulitis | inflammation of the diverticula
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| diverticulectomy | surgical removal of a diverticulum
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| polyp/o | polyp
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| a polyp is a | premalignant lesion that can be found in the large bowel
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| polyposis | abnormal condition of polyp(s)
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| polypectomy | surgical removal of a polyp
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| adhesion | tissue sticking together that should not stick together
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| stoma | a new or artificial opening
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| dysphagia (g-gag) | a condition of difficult or painful swallowing
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| aphagia (g-gag) | a condition of no swallowing
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| dysphasia (s-speech) | a condition of difficult speech
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| bradypepsia (bradypepsic) | a condition of slow digestion
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| dyspepsia (dyspepsic) | a condition of difficult digestion AKA indigestion
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| herni/o | hernia (rupture)
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| a hernia is a | protrusion of an organ through the tissue in which it is normally enclosed AKA a "rupture"
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| herniorrhaphy | suturing of a hernia
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| hernioplasty | surgical repair of a hernia
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| hiatal hernia | herniation of the stomach through the diaphragm
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| inguinal hernia | herniation of the small intestine into the scrotum
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| umbilical hernia | herniation of the small intestine through the abdominal wall at the umbilicus (belly button)
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| strangulated hernia | the hernia occludes the blood supply to the protruding tissue
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| anorexia (anorexic) | a condition of no appetite
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| halitosis | bad breath
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| eructation (eructate) | belching or burphing
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| dental caries | extreme dental (tooth) decay
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| emesis (emetic) | pertaining to vomit(ing)
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| hemopytsis | expectorating blood
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| hematemesis | vomiting blood
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| ulcer | an erosion (wearing away) of the skin or mucous membrane
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| perforation (perforate) | a tear or rip
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| Upper GastroIntestinal series (UGI) | AKA barium swallow
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| Barium is a | radiopaque (contrast) material
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| radiopaque (contrast) material | will illuminate when exposed to X-rays
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| lower GastroIntestinal series (GI) | AKA BArium Enema (BaE or BE)
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| Endoscopic Retrograde CholangioPancreatography (ERCP) | process of recording the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts using X-rays and a lighted instrument
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| resection | excision (surgical removal)
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| Endoscopic UltraSound (EUS) | process of recording the GastroIntestinal (GI) tract using sound waves and a lighted instrument
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| peristalsis (peristaltic) | pertaining to a wave-like action of the GastroIntestinal (GI) tract forcing contents onward
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| borborygmos | the groaning and gurgling sounds made during peristaltic activity
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| colic | painful spasms of the GastroIntestinal (GI) tract
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| stool | semisolid waste expelled through the anus AKA feces
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| defecation | the act of expelling feces from the body AKA (Bowel Movement) BM
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| a normal BM (bowel movement) is | brown and formed
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| flatus or flatulence | gas expelled through the anus
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| diarrhea | loose watery stools
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| constipation | difficult defecation
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| impaction | an accumulation of feces in the bowel
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| ileus | a bowel obstruction
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| obstipation | constipation caused by a bowel obstruction (ileus)
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| melena (melanotic) | pertaining to black, tarry, pungent stools indicative of blood in the fecal matter
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| pungent | a very strong aroma (aromatic)
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| Hemoccult, Hema-Check, Colo-Rect, Hematest, Seracult, or guaiac | a test for occult blood in the stool
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| Occult means | hidden blood that cannot be seen with the naked eye
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| gastric lavage | washing out the stomach AKA "pumping out the stomach"
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| gavage | a feeding tube
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| distend (distended) | to stretch out or inflate
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| cirrhosis | a chronic degeneration of liver cells
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| jaundice | a yellowish-orangish dicoloration of the skin and/or sclera AKA icterus (icteric)
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| Jaundice (icterus) is caused by a | destruction of erythrocytes called hemolysis
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| Dead, broken up erythrocytes are called | bilirubin
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| hyperbilirubinemia | a blood condition of excessive bilirubin
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| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
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| absorb (absorption) | movement of nutrients into the bloodstream
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| postprandial | pertaining to after meals
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| enzyme(s) | chemical catalyst(s)
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| chemical catalyst(s) is/are | chemical(s) that causes a reaction to occur
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| N | Nausea and Vomiting
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| BS | Blood Sugar, or Bowel Sounds, or Breath Sounds
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| IBD | Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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| PEG | Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
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| TPN | Total Parenteral Nutrition AKA hyperalimentation ("hyperal")
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| O & P | Ova and Parasites
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| PUD | Peptic Ulcer Disease
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| LFTs | Liver Function Tests
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| LFTs (liver function tests) include: | 1. SGOT aka AST 2. SGPT aka ALT 3. ALKaline PHOSphatase (ALK. PHOS.)
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| Dx | diagnosis
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| Px | prognosis
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| a | before
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| p | after
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| c | with
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| s | without
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