Skeletal System IV: Articulations (Joints)
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| Joints/articulations are | sites where elements of the skeleton meet and hold bones together and allow various degrees of movement
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| joints are the ...part of the skeleton | weakest
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| factors that stabilize joints | shapes of articulating surfaces, ligaments, tone of muscles whose tendons cross the joint
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| classification based on function | synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic
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| arthrosis = | arthrotic joint
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| synarthrotic joint (synarthrosis) | allow no movement
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| amphiarthrotic joint (amphiarthrosis) | slight or limited movement
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| diarthrotic joint (diarthrosis) | free movement
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| classification based on structure | fibrous/cartilaginous/bony fusion/synovial joints
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| fibrous joints are bones that are... | connected by fibrous DICT
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| what does not exist in fibrous joints | joint cavity
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| nearly all fibrous joints are | synarthroses
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| suture (short fibers) | synarthrosis, ex: between flat bones of skull
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| what does not exist in fibrous joints | joint cavity
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| sutures may become | completely fused later in life
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| syndesmosis | long fibers
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| syndesmoses can be either | amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic
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| 3 subtypes of fibrous joints | suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
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| amphiarthrosis example | interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna
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| what does not exist in cartilaginous joints | joint cavity
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| sutures are the edges of bones that | interlock as they form fibrous joints
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| gomphosis "peg in socket" | synarthotic, ex: periodontal ligaments (tooth in socket)
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| cartilaginous joints | bones connected by cartilage
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| symphysis | fibrocartilage (amphiarthrosis)
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| what does not exist in cartilaginous joints | joint cavity
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| most cartilaginous joints are | synarthroses and amphiarthroses
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| bony fusions are totally | rigid, immovable joints (synarthrotic)
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| 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints | synchondrosis and symphysis
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| synchondrosis | amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic
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| example of synchondrosis | epiphyseal plate, first rib-to-sternum
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| the synovial joint is covered by | articular cartilage
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| synarthrosis example | anterior tibiofibular joint
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| synovial joints can be either | simple or compound
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| simple synovial joints are the | most common and contain two articulating surfaces
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| compound synovial joints contain | more than 2 articulating surfaces (elbow/knee)
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| general structures of synovial joints | articular cartilage, joint (synovial cavity), articular capsul, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves/vessels, articular disc
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| articular cartilage (synovial joint) | hyaline cartilage; ends of opposing bones are covered by this
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| joint cavity (synovial) | potential space that holds synovial fluid
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| articular capsul (synovial) | 2 layered capsul enclosing joint cavity
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| example of symphysis | pubic, intervertebral discs
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| inner layer of synovial membrane covers all | internal joint surfaces not covered by articular cartilage
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| inner layer of synovial membrane functions in | producing synovial fluid
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| what doesn not exist in a bony fusion | joint cavity
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| 1 subtype of bony fusion | synostosis: ex - portions of skull, along the frontal suture, epiphyseal lines
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| synovial fluid functions to | ease movement of joint
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| reinforcing ligaments are | band-like ligaments (intrisnic or capsular) that form the thickened parts of fibrous capsule
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| intracapsular ligaments are located | internal to the capsule
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| bony fusion is between | two seperate bones that have fused together to form a solid mass of bone
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| nerves and vessels supply extensive | capillary beds in synovial membrane and produce blood filtrate, which is the basis of synovial fluid
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| articular disc | intra-articular disc, or meniscus, or disc of fibrocartilage
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| meniscus is in certain synovial joints that extend | internally from the capsule and completely or partially divides the joint cavity into 2
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| synovial joints have | fluid containing joint cavities
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| the synovial joint is covered by | articular cartilage
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| all synovial joints are | diarthrotic
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| 1 subtype of bony fusion | synostosis: ex - portions of skull, along the frontal suture, epiphyseal lines
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| where are bursae or tendon sheaths found | shoulder joint
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| bursae are flattened | fibrous sacs lined by a synovial membrane
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| bursa occurs where | ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together
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| tendon sheath are elongated | bursae that wraps around a tendon
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| most joints of the body, esp those in the limbs are | synovial joints
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| tendon sheath occurs only | on tendons subjected to friction
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| simple synovial joints are the | most common and contain two articulating surfaces
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| gliding is of one | bone surface across another (carpals, tarsals, flat articular processes of vertebrae)
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| outer layer of fibrous capsule is made of...and is | DICT...continous with the preiosteum of the bone
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| inner layer of synovial membrane is made of...and lines... | loose connective tissue...joint cavity
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| extension | increase angle
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| synovial fluid also occurs | within the articular cartilages
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| circumduction | moving in a circle
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| reinforcing ligaments are | band-like ligaments (intrisnic or capsular) that form the thickened parts of fibrous capsule
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| special movements of synovial joints include | supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, oppostion
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| most nerves and vessels of synovial joints monitor | joint stretching (stretch receptors)
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| there are some... | pain receptors in synovival joints
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| articular discs occur in joints whose | articulating bones have somewhat different shapes
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| articular discs function in | filling the gaps and improves the fit, thereby distributing the loading forces more evenly, minimizing wear and damage
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| an example of articular discs can be found in the | knee joint = meniscus
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| synovial joint function | decrease friction
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| synovial fluid is... | viscous, filtrate of blood arising from capillaries in the synovial membrane
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| weeping lubrication is a mechanism in which the | cartilage-covered bone ends glide on a slippery film of synovial fluid squeezed out of articular cartilages
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| extracapsular ligaments are located | outside the capsule
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| tendon sheath are elongated | bursae that wraps around a tendon
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| most nerves and vessels of synovial joints monitor | joint stretching (stretch receptors)
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| tendon sheath occurs only | on tendons subjected to friction
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| articular discs function in | filling the gaps and improves the fit, thereby distributing the loading forces more evenly, minimizing wear and damage
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| synovial joint movements | contracting muscles produce bone movements at synovial joints (gliding, angular movements)
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| flexion | decrease angle
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| extension | increase angle
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| abduction | movement away from body midline
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| an example of articular discs can be found in the | knee joint = meniscus
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| adduction | movement toward body midline
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| rotation | medial or later, turning movement of a bone around its own long axis
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| bursae and tendon sheaths are NOT | synovial joints; but they contain synovial fluid and are often associated with synovial joints
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| special movements of synovial joints | occur only in a few joints
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| bursa occurs where | ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together
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| nerves and vessels supply extensive | capillary beds in synovial membrane and produce blood filtrate, which is the basis of synovial fluid
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| meniscus is in certain synovial joints that extend | internally from the capsule and completely or partially divides the joint cavity into 2
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| where are bursae or tendon sheaths found | shoulder joint
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| tendon sheath | bursae that wraps around a tendon
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| bursa occurs where | ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together
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| angular movements | flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
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| synovial joint movements | contracting muscles produce bone movements at synovial joints (gliding, angular movements)
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| hyperextension | bending beyond straight position
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| synovial joint movements | contracting muscles produce bone movements at synovial joints (gliding, angular movements)
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| special movements of synovial joints include | supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, oppostion
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| circumduction | moving in a circle
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| pronation | turning medially/forward
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| supination vs pronation | radius around ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint
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| dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion | up and down movements of the foot at the ankle
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| inversion vs eversion | special movement of foot (inward or outward)
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| protraction vs retraction | non-angular movements in the anterior and posterior directions
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| elevation vs depression | lifting superiorly vs moving elevated part inferior (jaw)
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| opposition | unique action of the saddle joint of the thumb that allows grasping and manipulation of objects
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| synovial joints are classified by shape (6 subtypes) | plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
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| plane joint (nonaxial) ex: | intercarpal/intertarsal joins and joints between articular process of vertebrae
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| plane joints have articular surfaces which are essentially | flat planes
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| plane joints only allow | short gliding movements
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| hinge joints (uniaxial) ex: | elbow, ankle, joints between phalanges of fingers
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| hinge joint: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits | into a trough shaped surface on another bone
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| hinge joints allow...movement | angular (door on hinge)
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| pivot joint (uniaxial) ex: | proximal radioulnar joint, articulation between C1 and C2 vertbrae
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| pivot joint: rounded end of 1 bone fits into | a ring formed by another bone plus an encircling ligament
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| pivot joints: rotating bone can | turn only around its long axis
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| condyloid joint (biaxial) ex: | wrist and knuckle (intercarpophalangeal joints)
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| condyloid joints: egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits | into an oval concavity in another
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| condyloid joints allow moving bone to | travel side by side, back and forth, but the bone cannot rotate around its own long axis
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| saddle joint (biaxial) ex: | first carpometacarpal joint in ball of thumb
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| saddle joint: each articular surface has | both convex and concave areas like a saddle
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| saddle joint: allows the same | movements as the condyloid joint does
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| ball-and-socket (multiaxial) ex: | shoulder and hip joints
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| ball and socket: spherical head of one bone fits | into round socket in another
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| ball and socket: allows movement | in all axes, including rotation
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| types of movement depending on the construction of the joint | uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial, translational/nonaxial
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| uniaxial | movement in one plane or axis
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| biaxial | movement in 2 axes or planes
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| multiaxial | movement in more than 2 axes and planes
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| translational/nonaxial | short gliding movements only
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| largest and most complex joint in the body | knee: complex of many types of joints
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| the knee is compound and bicondyloid joint because | both the femur and tibia have two condylar surfaces
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| the knee primarily acts as a | hinge joint, but allows some medial and lateral rotation when flexed and during leg extension
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| femoropaterllar joint is an articulation between the | patella and the distal/inferior end of the femur
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| plane joint of knee allows | patella to glide across the distal femur as the knee bends
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| synovial cavity of knee has a | complex shape with several incomplete subdivisions and several extensions leading to "blind alleys"
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| more than a dozen...are associated with the knee joint | burase
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| some examples of the burase are | subcutaneous prepatellar, suprapatellar, deep infrapatellar
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| c-shaped menisci is made of...occur within... | articular discs of fibrocartilage...synovial cavity
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| medial meniscus and lateral meniscus attach... | externally to the tibial condyles
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| both menisci facilitate uniform | distribution of synovial fluid and of compression stress
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| both menisci stabilize the joint by | guiding the condyles during flexion, extension, and rotating movements
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| both menisci prevent | side to side rocking of the femur on the tibia
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| articular capsule encloses the | synovial cavity and can be seen on the posterior and lateral aspects of the knee
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| the capsule is...anteriorly | absent
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| anterior aspect of the knee joint is covered | by 3 broad ligaments, which run inferiorly from the patella to the tibia
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| 3 broad ligaments | patellar ligament, medial patellar retinaculum and lateral patellar retinaculum
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| tendons of many muscles in the knee... | reinforce the joint capsule and act as critical stabilizers of the knee joint
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| the most important tendons of the knee are the tendons of the | quadriceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles
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| knee joint capsule is further | reinforced by several capsular and extracapsular ligaments all of which become taut when the knee is extended to prevent hyperextension of the leg at the knee
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| two extracapsular ligaments are located on the lateral and medial sides of the joint capsule | fibular and tibial collateral ligaments respectively
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| fibular collateral ligament (FCL) descends from | lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula
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| tibial collateral ligaments (TCL) descends from the | medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia
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| FCL and TCL halt | leg extension and hyperextension, also prevent lateral and medial movement of the leg at the knee
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| two strong intracapsular ligaments...which...further stabilize | cruciate ligaments...corss eachother and run from the tibia to the femur...the knee joint
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| Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) | arises from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and passes posteriorly to attach to the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur
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| posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | arises from posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and passes anteriorly to attach to the lateral side of the medial condyle of the femur
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| both cruciate ligaments function as | restraining staps to prevent slipping movements at the knee joint
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| the acl prevents | anterior sliding of the tibia
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| the pcl prevents | anterior sliding of the femur or backward displacement of the tibia
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| both acl and pcl function together to | lock the knee when it extends
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