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HA Ch. 8
Skeletal System IV: Articulations (Joints)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Joints/articulations are | sites where elements of the skeleton meet and hold bones together and allow various degrees of movement |
| joints are the ...part of the skeleton | weakest |
| factors that stabilize joints | shapes of articulating surfaces, ligaments, tone of muscles whose tendons cross the joint |
| classification based on function | synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic |
| arthrosis = | arthrotic joint |
| synarthrotic joint (synarthrosis) | allow no movement |
| amphiarthrotic joint (amphiarthrosis) | slight or limited movement |
| diarthrotic joint (diarthrosis) | free movement |
| classification based on structure | fibrous/cartilaginous/bony fusion/synovial joints |
| fibrous joints are bones that are... | connected by fibrous DICT |
| what does not exist in fibrous joints | joint cavity |
| nearly all fibrous joints are | synarthroses |
| suture (short fibers) | synarthrosis, ex: between flat bones of skull |
| what does not exist in fibrous joints | joint cavity |
| sutures may become | completely fused later in life |
| syndesmosis | long fibers |
| syndesmoses can be either | amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic |
| 3 subtypes of fibrous joints | suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis |
| amphiarthrosis example | interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna |
| what does not exist in cartilaginous joints | joint cavity |
| sutures are the edges of bones that | interlock as they form fibrous joints |
| gomphosis "peg in socket" | synarthotic, ex: periodontal ligaments (tooth in socket) |
| cartilaginous joints | bones connected by cartilage |
| symphysis | fibrocartilage (amphiarthrosis) |
| what does not exist in cartilaginous joints | joint cavity |
| most cartilaginous joints are | synarthroses and amphiarthroses |
| bony fusions are totally | rigid, immovable joints (synarthrotic) |
| 2 subtypes of cartilaginous joints | synchondrosis and symphysis |
| synchondrosis | amphiarthrotic or synarthrotic |
| example of synchondrosis | epiphyseal plate, first rib-to-sternum |
| the synovial joint is covered by | articular cartilage |
| synarthrosis example | anterior tibiofibular joint |
| synovial joints can be either | simple or compound |
| simple synovial joints are the | most common and contain two articulating surfaces |
| compound synovial joints contain | more than 2 articulating surfaces (elbow/knee) |
| general structures of synovial joints | articular cartilage, joint (synovial cavity), articular capsul, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves/vessels, articular disc |
| articular cartilage (synovial joint) | hyaline cartilage; ends of opposing bones are covered by this |
| joint cavity (synovial) | potential space that holds synovial fluid |
| articular capsul (synovial) | 2 layered capsul enclosing joint cavity |
| example of symphysis | pubic, intervertebral discs |
| inner layer of synovial membrane covers all | internal joint surfaces not covered by articular cartilage |
| inner layer of synovial membrane functions in | producing synovial fluid |
| what doesn not exist in a bony fusion | joint cavity |
| 1 subtype of bony fusion | synostosis: ex - portions of skull, along the frontal suture, epiphyseal lines |
| synovial fluid functions to | ease movement of joint |
| reinforcing ligaments are | band-like ligaments (intrisnic or capsular) that form the thickened parts of fibrous capsule |
| intracapsular ligaments are located | internal to the capsule |
| bony fusion is between | two seperate bones that have fused together to form a solid mass of bone |
| nerves and vessels supply extensive | capillary beds in synovial membrane and produce blood filtrate, which is the basis of synovial fluid |
| articular disc | intra-articular disc, or meniscus, or disc of fibrocartilage |
| meniscus is in certain synovial joints that extend | internally from the capsule and completely or partially divides the joint cavity into 2 |
| synovial joints have | fluid containing joint cavities |
| the synovial joint is covered by | articular cartilage |
| all synovial joints are | diarthrotic |
| 1 subtype of bony fusion | synostosis: ex - portions of skull, along the frontal suture, epiphyseal lines |
| where are bursae or tendon sheaths found | shoulder joint |
| bursae are flattened | fibrous sacs lined by a synovial membrane |
| bursa occurs where | ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together |
| tendon sheath are elongated | bursae that wraps around a tendon |
| most joints of the body, esp those in the limbs are | synovial joints |
| tendon sheath occurs only | on tendons subjected to friction |
| simple synovial joints are the | most common and contain two articulating surfaces |
| gliding is of one | bone surface across another (carpals, tarsals, flat articular processes of vertebrae) |
| outer layer of fibrous capsule is made of...and is | DICT...continous with the preiosteum of the bone |
| inner layer of synovial membrane is made of...and lines... | loose connective tissue...joint cavity |
| extension | increase angle |
| synovial fluid also occurs | within the articular cartilages |
| circumduction | moving in a circle |
| reinforcing ligaments are | band-like ligaments (intrisnic or capsular) that form the thickened parts of fibrous capsule |
| special movements of synovial joints include | supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, oppostion |
| most nerves and vessels of synovial joints monitor | joint stretching (stretch receptors) |
| there are some... | pain receptors in synovival joints |
| articular discs occur in joints whose | articulating bones have somewhat different shapes |
| articular discs function in | filling the gaps and improves the fit, thereby distributing the loading forces more evenly, minimizing wear and damage |
| an example of articular discs can be found in the | knee joint = meniscus |
| synovial joint function | decrease friction |
| synovial fluid is... | viscous, filtrate of blood arising from capillaries in the synovial membrane |
| weeping lubrication is a mechanism in which the | cartilage-covered bone ends glide on a slippery film of synovial fluid squeezed out of articular cartilages |
| extracapsular ligaments are located | outside the capsule |
| tendon sheath are elongated | bursae that wraps around a tendon |
| most nerves and vessels of synovial joints monitor | joint stretching (stretch receptors) |
| tendon sheath occurs only | on tendons subjected to friction |
| articular discs function in | filling the gaps and improves the fit, thereby distributing the loading forces more evenly, minimizing wear and damage |
| synovial joint movements | contracting muscles produce bone movements at synovial joints (gliding, angular movements) |
| flexion | decrease angle |
| extension | increase angle |
| abduction | movement away from body midline |
| an example of articular discs can be found in the | knee joint = meniscus |
| adduction | movement toward body midline |
| rotation | medial or later, turning movement of a bone around its own long axis |
| bursae and tendon sheaths are NOT | synovial joints; but they contain synovial fluid and are often associated with synovial joints |
| special movements of synovial joints | occur only in a few joints |
| bursa occurs where | ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together |
| nerves and vessels supply extensive | capillary beds in synovial membrane and produce blood filtrate, which is the basis of synovial fluid |
| meniscus is in certain synovial joints that extend | internally from the capsule and completely or partially divides the joint cavity into 2 |
| where are bursae or tendon sheaths found | shoulder joint |
| tendon sheath | bursae that wraps around a tendon |
| bursa occurs where | ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together |
| angular movements | flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation |
| synovial joint movements | contracting muscles produce bone movements at synovial joints (gliding, angular movements) |
| hyperextension | bending beyond straight position |
| synovial joint movements | contracting muscles produce bone movements at synovial joints (gliding, angular movements) |
| special movements of synovial joints include | supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, oppostion |
| circumduction | moving in a circle |
| pronation | turning medially/forward |
| supination vs pronation | radius around ulna at the proximal radioulnar joint |
| dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion | up and down movements of the foot at the ankle |
| inversion vs eversion | special movement of foot (inward or outward) |
| protraction vs retraction | non-angular movements in the anterior and posterior directions |
| elevation vs depression | lifting superiorly vs moving elevated part inferior (jaw) |
| opposition | unique action of the saddle joint of the thumb that allows grasping and manipulation of objects |
| synovial joints are classified by shape (6 subtypes) | plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket |
| plane joint (nonaxial) ex: | intercarpal/intertarsal joins and joints between articular process of vertebrae |
| plane joints have articular surfaces which are essentially | flat planes |
| plane joints only allow | short gliding movements |
| hinge joints (uniaxial) ex: | elbow, ankle, joints between phalanges of fingers |
| hinge joint: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits | into a trough shaped surface on another bone |
| hinge joints allow...movement | angular (door on hinge) |
| pivot joint (uniaxial) ex: | proximal radioulnar joint, articulation between C1 and C2 vertbrae |
| pivot joint: rounded end of 1 bone fits into | a ring formed by another bone plus an encircling ligament |
| pivot joints: rotating bone can | turn only around its long axis |
| condyloid joint (biaxial) ex: | wrist and knuckle (intercarpophalangeal joints) |
| condyloid joints: egg shaped articular surface of one bone fits | into an oval concavity in another |
| condyloid joints allow moving bone to | travel side by side, back and forth, but the bone cannot rotate around its own long axis |
| saddle joint (biaxial) ex: | first carpometacarpal joint in ball of thumb |
| saddle joint: each articular surface has | both convex and concave areas like a saddle |
| saddle joint: allows the same | movements as the condyloid joint does |
| ball-and-socket (multiaxial) ex: | shoulder and hip joints |
| ball and socket: spherical head of one bone fits | into round socket in another |
| ball and socket: allows movement | in all axes, including rotation |
| types of movement depending on the construction of the joint | uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial, translational/nonaxial |
| uniaxial | movement in one plane or axis |
| biaxial | movement in 2 axes or planes |
| multiaxial | movement in more than 2 axes and planes |
| translational/nonaxial | short gliding movements only |
| largest and most complex joint in the body | knee: complex of many types of joints |
| the knee is compound and bicondyloid joint because | both the femur and tibia have two condylar surfaces |
| the knee primarily acts as a | hinge joint, but allows some medial and lateral rotation when flexed and during leg extension |
| femoropaterllar joint is an articulation between the | patella and the distal/inferior end of the femur |
| plane joint of knee allows | patella to glide across the distal femur as the knee bends |
| synovial cavity of knee has a | complex shape with several incomplete subdivisions and several extensions leading to "blind alleys" |
| more than a dozen...are associated with the knee joint | burase |
| some examples of the burase are | subcutaneous prepatellar, suprapatellar, deep infrapatellar |
| c-shaped menisci is made of...occur within... | articular discs of fibrocartilage...synovial cavity |
| medial meniscus and lateral meniscus attach... | externally to the tibial condyles |
| both menisci facilitate uniform | distribution of synovial fluid and of compression stress |
| both menisci stabilize the joint by | guiding the condyles during flexion, extension, and rotating movements |
| both menisci prevent | side to side rocking of the femur on the tibia |
| articular capsule encloses the | synovial cavity and can be seen on the posterior and lateral aspects of the knee |
| the capsule is...anteriorly | absent |
| anterior aspect of the knee joint is covered | by 3 broad ligaments, which run inferiorly from the patella to the tibia |
| 3 broad ligaments | patellar ligament, medial patellar retinaculum and lateral patellar retinaculum |
| tendons of many muscles in the knee... | reinforce the joint capsule and act as critical stabilizers of the knee joint |
| the most important tendons of the knee are the tendons of the | quadriceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles |
| knee joint capsule is further | reinforced by several capsular and extracapsular ligaments all of which become taut when the knee is extended to prevent hyperextension of the leg at the knee |
| two extracapsular ligaments are located on the lateral and medial sides of the joint capsule | fibular and tibial collateral ligaments respectively |
| fibular collateral ligament (FCL) descends from | lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula |
| tibial collateral ligaments (TCL) descends from the | medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia |
| FCL and TCL halt | leg extension and hyperextension, also prevent lateral and medial movement of the leg at the knee |
| two strong intracapsular ligaments...which...further stabilize | cruciate ligaments...corss eachother and run from the tibia to the femur...the knee joint |
| Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) | arises from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and passes posteriorly to attach to the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur |
| posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) | arises from posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and passes anteriorly to attach to the lateral side of the medial condyle of the femur |
| both cruciate ligaments function as | restraining staps to prevent slipping movements at the knee joint |
| the acl prevents | anterior sliding of the tibia |
| the pcl prevents | anterior sliding of the femur or backward displacement of the tibia |
| both acl and pcl function together to | lock the knee when it extends |
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handrzej
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