high yield facts from review books- mostly in Q & A form
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| cadmium toxicity leads to: | honeycomb pneumonitis
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| cobalt toxicity causes: | cardiomyopathy
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| chromium toxicity can cause: | lung cancer
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| lead toxicity causes: | disruption of heme synthesis and renal tubular acidosis
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| mercury poisoning can cause: | neurotixicity and proximal tubule necrosis
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| arsenic toxicity can lead to: | lung cancer
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| asbestos exposure can lead to: | mesothelioma
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| aromatic amine exposure can cause: | bladder cancer
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| benzene can cause: | leukemia
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| vinyl chloride can cause | liver angiosarcoma
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| Alpha-amanitin can lead to: | fulminant hepatitis
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| what is the Ziehl Neelsen stain used for? | Acid fast bacteria (turn red)
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| What is India ink used to diagnose? | cryptococcus
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| What is the Geimsa stain used for? | blood smears
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| What does PAS stain? | glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
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| What does Prussian Blue stain for? | Iron
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| What is the Congo Red stain used for? | Amyloid (green birefringence)
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| what is osmic acid used for? | Electro microscopy
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| what do gram + bacteria have in the outer layer of their cell wall? | Teichoic acid
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| what do gram negative bacteria have in the outer layer of their cell wall? | LPS (endotoxins)
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| what is speciall about the mycobacterium cell wall? | It contains mycolic acid
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| What is special about mycoplasma structure? | No cell wall and membrane contains cholesterol
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| what is the outside of a bacterial spore made of | kipicolinic acid (keratin coat)
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| what cytokines are produced in response to gram negative infection (endotoxin effects)? | TNF, IL-1
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| what is an exotoxin made of? | polypeptides
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| what does tetanus toxin do? | blocks glycine release
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| what does botulinim toxin do? | blocks ACh release
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| what does diptheria toxin do? | inhibts protein synthesis via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2
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| what baceteria produces alpha toxin? | staph aureus
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| how does cholera toxin act? | stimulates adenylate cyclase via Gs
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| how does pertussis toxin act? | inhibits Gi, thereby stimulating adenylate cyclase
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| how does the heat labile E.coli toxin act? | stimulates adenylate cyclase
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| how does the heat stable E.coli toxin act? | stimulates guanylate cyclase
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| what 3 bugs are obligate aerobes? | M. tuberculosis; pseudomonas aeruginosa; nocardia
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| which two bugs are microaerophilic? | C. jejuni; Brucella abortus
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| Which bugs are obligate anaerobes? | clostridium; actinomyces
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| most common cause of sinusitis? | S. pneumoniae, S. aureus
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| most common cause of otitis media? | S. pneumoniae; H. influenza
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| most common cause of bronchitis? | H. influenza, S. pneumoniae
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| most common cause of pneumonia in infants? | RSV
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| most common cause of pneumonia in young adults? | mycoplasma
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| most common cause of pneumonia in elderly? | S. pneumoniae
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| most common causes of neonatal meningitis? | E. coli, Strep agalactia, Listeria
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| most common cause of childhood meningitis | Neisseria meningitidis > S. pneumoniae
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| most common cause of adult meningitis? | S. pneumoniae > N. meningitidis
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| what cause aseptic meningitis? | enteroviruses, arboviruses in the summer
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| most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis? | hep C
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| what bug causes carbuncles? | Staph aureus
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| what are common sepsis causes in a catheterized patient? | Candida, Staph A
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| What causes sepsis in burn wounds? | Pseudomonas A
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| most common cause of childhood diarrhea? | Rotavirus
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| most common cause of adult diarrhea (US)? | C. jejuni
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| most common cause of diarrhea in travelers? | E. coli, shigella, salmonella
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| is S. epidermidis novobiocin sensitive or resistant? | sensitive
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| is S. saprophytics novobiocin sensitive or resistant? | resistant
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| Group A strep pyogenes: bacitracin sensitive or insensitive? | sensitive
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| Non group A strep: bacitracin sensitive or insensitive? | insensitive
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| what type of hemolysys does pneumococcus demonstrate? | alpha
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| Optichin sensitive: pneumococcus? | yes
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| Optochin sensitive: S. viridans? | no (resistant)
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| what age does meningococcus tend to infect? | infants 6-24 months
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| what is a major complication of N. meningitidis infection? | Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (acute bilateral adrenal hemorrhage)
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| What antibiotic is used of N. meningitidis? | Penicillin G
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| What is a special gonococcus virulence factor? | pili
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| what is the treatment for gonorrhea? | Ceftriaxone (+ tetracycline for possible chlamydia coinfection)
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| adolescent with purulent arthritis: what should we suspect? | gonorrhea
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| on what plate do we culture corynebacterium? | Loeffler's telluride
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| what form do corynebacterium form in culture? | chinese characters
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| what pH does lactobacillus like? | <4.5
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| which 3 antibiotics are likely to cause pseudomembranous colitis? | clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins
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| E. coli: lactose fermenter? | yup!
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| E. coli: motile? | yes
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| what is the most common cause of UTI's? | E. coli
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| Salmonella: motile? | yup
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| Salmonella: latose fermenter? | no
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| Which Salmonella produces gas? | only S. typhi (--> enteric fever)
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| Shigella: motile? | no
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| Shigella: lactose fermenter? | no
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| which is more infective: salmonella or shigella? | shig (x1000!)
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| typhoid treatment = | chloramphenicol, ampicillin
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| Proteus: motile? | yes
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| what does a proteus UTI lead to? | ammonium calculi (due to urease production)
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| Klebsiella: motile? | yes
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| what is the weil-felix reaction? | proteus antigens cross-react with anti-rickettsial antibodies
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| K antigen = | capsule
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| H antigen = | flagella
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| most common cause of gram negative abdominal infections? | bacteroides fragilis
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| Treatment for bacteroids fragilis? | Metronidazole
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| Vibrio cholera treatment? | tetracycline
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| what gastroenteritis is caused by sushi? | virbrio parahaemolyticus
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| what is triple therapy for H. pylori? | metro + tetracycline + bismuth
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| what cancer can H. pylori lead to? | MALT lymphoma
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| how does Yersinia pestis stain? | Bipolar (safety pin)
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| treatment for the plague? | streptomycin, tetracycline
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| what is a common bug in dog and cat bites? | pasteurella
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| treatment for pasteurella cellulitis or osteomyelitis? | penicillin
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| what disease does brucella cause? | undulating fever
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| treatment for brucella? | tetracycline, gentamycin
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| what disease does francisella cause? | tularemia
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| treatment for tularemia? | streptomycin
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| what does H. influenza need for culture? | chocolate agar
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| what is the treatment for whooping cough? | erythromycin- best during catarrhal stage
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| how are pertussis toxin and cholera toxin alike? | both upregulate adenylate cyclase
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| what causes "lump jaw" | actinomyces
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| what might cause a leptospirosis infection? | water contaminated with rat pee (sewers)
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| what cardiac problem can be caused by lyme disease? | AV block
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| what is the infectious form of chlamydia? | elementary body
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| what form of chlamydis is visible in the cytoplastmic inclusions seen on giemsa stain? | reticulate body
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| all DNA viruses are double stranded except: | parvovirus
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| all DNA viruses are icosahedral except: | poxvirus
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| what's the largest virus there is? | poxvirus
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| what does Parvovirus B19 cause? | erythema infectiosum (5th disease)
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| what family does Papillomavirus belong to? | papova virus
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| what family does JC virus beong to? | papova
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| variola, vaccinia, and molluscum are all what kind of virus? | poxvirus
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| HBV belongs to what family? | Hepadna virus
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| where does HSV1 stay latent? | trigeminal ganglion
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| Where does HSV2 rest while it's latent? | sacral DRG
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| where do HSV1 and 2 multiply? | fibroblasts
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| what can Epstein Barr Virus lead to? | Burkitt's lymphoma (Africa), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (china)
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| what does HHV-6 cause? | roseola (6th disease)
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| what does HHV-8 cause | kaposi sarcoma
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| what's the big difference between smallpox/chickenpox presentation? | chickenpox appear in different stages of evolution, smallpox are all at same stage
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| What viruses are picornaviruses? | Rhino, Echo, HepA, Polio, Coxsackie
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| what family is rotavirus from? | reo
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| what are the paramyxoviridae? | rubeola, parainfluenza, mumps, RSV
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