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USMLE Step 1
high yield facts from review books- mostly in Q & A form
| question | answer |
|---|---|
| cadmium toxicity leads to: | honeycomb pneumonitis |
| cobalt toxicity causes: | cardiomyopathy |
| chromium toxicity can cause: | lung cancer |
| lead toxicity causes: | disruption of heme synthesis and renal tubular acidosis |
| mercury poisoning can cause: | neurotixicity and proximal tubule necrosis |
| arsenic toxicity can lead to: | lung cancer |
| asbestos exposure can lead to: | mesothelioma |
| aromatic amine exposure can cause: | bladder cancer |
| benzene can cause: | leukemia |
| vinyl chloride can cause | liver angiosarcoma |
| Alpha-amanitin can lead to: | fulminant hepatitis |
| what is the Ziehl Neelsen stain used for? | Acid fast bacteria (turn red) |
| What is India ink used to diagnose? | cryptococcus |
| What is the Geimsa stain used for? | blood smears |
| What does PAS stain? | glycogen, mucopolysaccharides |
| What does Prussian Blue stain for? | Iron |
| What is the Congo Red stain used for? | Amyloid (green birefringence) |
| what is osmic acid used for? | Electro microscopy |
| what do gram + bacteria have in the outer layer of their cell wall? | Teichoic acid |
| what do gram negative bacteria have in the outer layer of their cell wall? | LPS (endotoxins) |
| what is speciall about the mycobacterium cell wall? | It contains mycolic acid |
| What is special about mycoplasma structure? | No cell wall and membrane contains cholesterol |
| what is the outside of a bacterial spore made of | kipicolinic acid (keratin coat) |
| what cytokines are produced in response to gram negative infection (endotoxin effects)? | TNF, IL-1 |
| what is an exotoxin made of? | polypeptides |
| what does tetanus toxin do? | blocks glycine release |
| what does botulinim toxin do? | blocks ACh release |
| what does diptheria toxin do? | inhibts protein synthesis via ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 |
| what baceteria produces alpha toxin? | staph aureus |
| how does cholera toxin act? | stimulates adenylate cyclase via Gs |
| how does pertussis toxin act? | inhibits Gi, thereby stimulating adenylate cyclase |
| how does the heat labile E.coli toxin act? | stimulates adenylate cyclase |
| how does the heat stable E.coli toxin act? | stimulates guanylate cyclase |
| what 3 bugs are obligate aerobes? | M. tuberculosis; pseudomonas aeruginosa; nocardia |
| which two bugs are microaerophilic? | C. jejuni; Brucella abortus |
| Which bugs are obligate anaerobes? | clostridium; actinomyces |
| most common cause of sinusitis? | S. pneumoniae, S. aureus |
| most common cause of otitis media? | S. pneumoniae; H. influenza |
| most common cause of bronchitis? | H. influenza, S. pneumoniae |
| most common cause of pneumonia in infants? | RSV |
| most common cause of pneumonia in young adults? | mycoplasma |
| most common cause of pneumonia in elderly? | S. pneumoniae |
| most common causes of neonatal meningitis? | E. coli, Strep agalactia, Listeria |
| most common cause of childhood meningitis | Neisseria meningitidis > S. pneumoniae |
| most common cause of adult meningitis? | S. pneumoniae > N. meningitidis |
| what cause aseptic meningitis? | enteroviruses, arboviruses in the summer |
| most common cause of post-transfusion hepatitis? | hep C |
| what bug causes carbuncles? | Staph aureus |
| what are common sepsis causes in a catheterized patient? | Candida, Staph A |
| What causes sepsis in burn wounds? | Pseudomonas A |
| most common cause of childhood diarrhea? | Rotavirus |
| most common cause of adult diarrhea (US)? | C. jejuni |
| most common cause of diarrhea in travelers? | E. coli, shigella, salmonella |
| is S. epidermidis novobiocin sensitive or resistant? | sensitive |
| is S. saprophytics novobiocin sensitive or resistant? | resistant |
| Group A strep pyogenes: bacitracin sensitive or insensitive? | sensitive |
| Non group A strep: bacitracin sensitive or insensitive? | insensitive |
| what type of hemolysys does pneumococcus demonstrate? | alpha |
| Optichin sensitive: pneumococcus? | yes |
| Optochin sensitive: S. viridans? | no (resistant) |
| what age does meningococcus tend to infect? | infants 6-24 months |
| what is a major complication of N. meningitidis infection? | Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (acute bilateral adrenal hemorrhage) |
| What antibiotic is used of N. meningitidis? | Penicillin G |
| What is a special gonococcus virulence factor? | pili |
| what is the treatment for gonorrhea? | Ceftriaxone (+ tetracycline for possible chlamydia coinfection) |
| adolescent with purulent arthritis: what should we suspect? | gonorrhea |
| on what plate do we culture corynebacterium? | Loeffler's telluride |
| what form do corynebacterium form in culture? | chinese characters |
| what pH does lactobacillus like? | <4.5 |
| which 3 antibiotics are likely to cause pseudomembranous colitis? | clindamycin, ampicillin, cephalosporins |
| E. coli: lactose fermenter? | yup! |
| E. coli: motile? | yes |
| what is the most common cause of UTI's? | E. coli |
| Salmonella: motile? | yup |
| Salmonella: latose fermenter? | no |
| Which Salmonella produces gas? | only S. typhi (--> enteric fever) |
| Shigella: motile? | no |
| Shigella: lactose fermenter? | no |
| which is more infective: salmonella or shigella? | shig (x1000!) |
| typhoid treatment = | chloramphenicol, ampicillin |
| Proteus: motile? | yes |
| what does a proteus UTI lead to? | ammonium calculi (due to urease production) |
| Klebsiella: motile? | yes |
| what is the weil-felix reaction? | proteus antigens cross-react with anti-rickettsial antibodies |
| K antigen = | capsule |
| H antigen = | flagella |
| most common cause of gram negative abdominal infections? | bacteroides fragilis |
| Treatment for bacteroids fragilis? | Metronidazole |
| Vibrio cholera treatment? | tetracycline |
| what gastroenteritis is caused by sushi? | virbrio parahaemolyticus |
| what is triple therapy for H. pylori? | metro + tetracycline + bismuth |
| what cancer can H. pylori lead to? | MALT lymphoma |
| how does Yersinia pestis stain? | Bipolar (safety pin) |
| treatment for the plague? | streptomycin, tetracycline |
| what is a common bug in dog and cat bites? | pasteurella |
| treatment for pasteurella cellulitis or osteomyelitis? | penicillin |
| what disease does brucella cause? | undulating fever |
| treatment for brucella? | tetracycline, gentamycin |
| what disease does francisella cause? | tularemia |
| treatment for tularemia? | streptomycin |
| what does H. influenza need for culture? | chocolate agar |
| what is the treatment for whooping cough? | erythromycin- best during catarrhal stage |
| how are pertussis toxin and cholera toxin alike? | both upregulate adenylate cyclase |
| what causes "lump jaw" | actinomyces |
| what might cause a leptospirosis infection? | water contaminated with rat pee (sewers) |
| what cardiac problem can be caused by lyme disease? | AV block |
| what is the infectious form of chlamydia? | elementary body |
| what form of chlamydis is visible in the cytoplastmic inclusions seen on giemsa stain? | reticulate body |
| all DNA viruses are double stranded except: | parvovirus |
| all DNA viruses are icosahedral except: | poxvirus |
| what's the largest virus there is? | poxvirus |
| what does Parvovirus B19 cause? | erythema infectiosum (5th disease) |
| what family does Papillomavirus belong to? | papova virus |
| what family does JC virus beong to? | papova |
| variola, vaccinia, and molluscum are all what kind of virus? | poxvirus |
| HBV belongs to what family? | Hepadna virus |
| where does HSV1 stay latent? | trigeminal ganglion |
| Where does HSV2 rest while it's latent? | sacral DRG |
| where do HSV1 and 2 multiply? | fibroblasts |
| what can Epstein Barr Virus lead to? | Burkitt's lymphoma (Africa), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (china) |
| what does HHV-6 cause? | roseola (6th disease) |
| what does HHV-8 cause | kaposi sarcoma |
| what's the big difference between smallpox/chickenpox presentation? | chickenpox appear in different stages of evolution, smallpox are all at same stage |
| What viruses are picornaviruses? | Rhino, Echo, HepA, Polio, Coxsackie |
| what family is rotavirus from? | reo |
| what are the paramyxoviridae? | rubeola, parainfluenza, mumps, RSV |
Created by:
terez
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