Most Common... - USMLE Step 1 - First Aid
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| Bacteremia/pneumonia (IVDA) | S. aureus
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| Bacteria associated with cancer | H. pylori
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| Bacteria found in GI tract | Bacteroides (2nd MC = E. coli)
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| Brain tumor (adults) | Mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
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| Brain tumor (kids) | Medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
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| Brain tumor - supratentorial (kids) | Craniopharyngioma
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| Breast cancer | Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., 1 in 9 ♀will develop breast cancer)
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| Breast mass | Fibrocystic change (in postmenopausal ♀, carcinoma is the MC)
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| Breast tumor (benign) | Fibroadenoma
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| Bug in debilitated, hospitalized pneumonia pt | Klebsiella
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| Cardiac 1° tumor (adults) | Myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")
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| Cardiac 1° tumor (kids) | Rhabdomyoma
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| Cardiac tumor (adults) | Mets
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| Cardiomyopathy | Dilated cardiomyopathy
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| Chromosomal disorder | Down syndrome (associated with ALL, Alzheimer's, and endocardial cushion defects)
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| Chronic arrhythmia | Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
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| Congenital cardiac anomaly | VSD
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| Constrictive pericarditis | Tuberculosis
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| Coronary a. involved in thrombosis | LAD > RCA > LCA
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| Cyanosis (early; less common) | Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
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| Cyanosis (late; more common) | VSD, ASD, PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)
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| Demyelinating disease | Multiple sclerosis
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| Dietary deficit | Iron
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| Epiglottitis | Haemophilus influenzae type B
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| Esophageal cancer | Squamous cell carcinoma
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| Gene involved in cancer | p53 tumor suppressor gene
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| Group affected by cystic fibrosis | Caucasians (fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies, mucous plugs/lung infections)
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| Gynecologic malignancy | Endometrial carcinoma
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| Heart murmur | Mitral valve prolapse
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| Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis | Mitral
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| Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis in IVDA | Tricuspid
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| Heart valve (rheumatic fever) | Mitral valve (2nd MC = aortic)
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| Helminth infections (U.S.) | Enterobius vermicularis (2nd MC = Ascaris lumbricoides)
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| Hereditary bleeding disorder | von Willebrand's
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| Kidney stones | Calcium = radiopaque (2nd MC = ammonium = radiopaque; formed by urease⊕ organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
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| Liver disease | Alcoholic liver disease
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| Location of brain tumors (adults) | Supratentorial
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| Location of brain tumors (kids) | Infratentorial
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| Lysosomal storage disease | Gaucher's disease
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| Male cancer | Prostatic carcinoma
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| Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever | Hodgkin's disease
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| Malignant skin tumor | Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
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| Mets to bone | Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
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| Mets to brain | Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
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| Mets to liver | Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
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| Motor neuron disease | ALS
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| Neoplasm (kids) | ALL (2nd MC = cerebellar medulloblastoma)
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| Nephrotic syndrome | Membranous glomerulonephritis
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| Obstruction of ♂ urinary tract | BPH
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| Opportunistic infections in AIDS | Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
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| Organ receiving mets | Adrenal glands (due to rich blood supply)
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| Organ sending mets | Lung > breast, stomach
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| Ovarian tumor (benign) | Serous cystadenoma
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| Ovarian tumor (malignant) | Serous cystadenocarcinoma
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| Pancreatic tumor | Adenocarcinoma (head of pancreas)
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| Pt with ALL/CLL/AML/CML | ALL—child, CLL&AML—adult>60, CML—adult 35-50
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| Pt with Hodgkin's | Young ♂ (except nodular sclerosis type - ♀)
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| Pt with minimal change disease | Young child
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| Pt with Reiter's | ♂
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| Pituitary tumor | Prolactinoma (2nd MC = somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma)
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| Preventable cancer | Lung cancer
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| 1° bone tumors (adults) | Multiple myeloma
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| 1° hyperparathyroidism | Adenomas (2nd MC = hyperplasia; 3rd MC = carcinoma)
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| 1° liver tumor | Hepatoma
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| Renal tumor | Renal cell carcinoma - associated with von Hippel-Lindau and acquired polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)
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| 2° hyperparathyroidism | Hypocalcemia of chronic renal failure
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| STD | Chlamydia
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| Site of diverticula | Sigmoid colon
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| Site of metastasis | Regional lymph nodes
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| Site of metastasis (2nd MC) | Liver
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| Sites of atherosclerosis | Abdominal aorta > coronary a. > popliteal a. > carotid a.
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| Skin cancer | Basal cell carcinoma
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| Stomach cancer | Adenocarcinoma
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| Testicular tumor | Seminoma
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| Thyroid cancer | Papillary carcinoma
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| Tracheoesophageal fistula | Lower esophagus joins trachea/upper esophagus-blind pouch
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| Tumor in ♂ | Prostate carcinoma
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| Tumor in ♀ | Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
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| Tumor of infancy | Hemangioma
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| Tumor of adrenal medulla (adults) | Pheochromocytoma (benign)
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| Tumor of adrenal medulla (kids) | Neuroblastoma (malignant)
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| Type of Hodgkin's | Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
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| Type of non-Hodgkin's | Follicular, small cleaved
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| Type of pituitary adenoma | Prolactinoma
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| Vasculitis | Temporal arteritis (risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of opthalmic a.)
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| Viral encephalitis | HSV
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| Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) | Folic acid (pregnant ♀ are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply)
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