BIO201 - Ch 13 - Peripheral Nervous Sys. & Reflex- Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado- AZ
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| 5 classes of receptors are? | (1) Mechanoreceptors (touch,pressure), (2) thermoreceptors (temp), (3) photoreceptors (light), (4) chemoreceptors (chemicals in solution), & (4) nociceptors (pain).
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| Nociceptors sense what? | Stimuli that can damage body - elicits pain as response.
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| 3 classifications of receptors by location. | (1) Exteroceptors (outside body), (2) interoceptors (w/in body), (3) proprioceptors (in ligaments, joints, muscles, & CT).
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| Simple receptors | Modified dendritic endings of senosry neurons
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| Complex receptors | Sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell & taste).
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| Unencapsulated (naked) dendric endings | Unmyelinated - C fibers - knoblike swellings @ ends. Temp, pain, itch (histamine) - Merkel discs & hair follicles.
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| Encapsulated dendric endings | 1 or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in CT capsule.
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| Give some examples of encapsulated dendric endings | Mechanoreceptors - Meissner's, Pacinian, Ruffini, muscle spindles, golgi tendon & joint kinesthetic.
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| Messner's Corpuscles | Tactile - encapsulated, exteroceptors - light pressure - in dermal papillae of hairless skin.
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| Merkel (tactile) discs | Tactile - unencapsulated, exteroceptor - light pressure - basal layer of epidermis.
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| Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellated) | Resembles cut onion - pressure - encapsulated, exteroceptor & mechanoreceptor - pressure, vibration, stretch - dermis & hypodermis
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| Hair follicle receptor | Hair deflection - exteroceptor & mechanoreceptor
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| Ruffini endings | Deep & continuous pressure - exteroceptor & proprioceptor - encapsulated - deep in dermis, hypodermis, & joint capsules.
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| Muscle Spindles | Muscle stretch & length - proprioceptor & mechanoreceptor - encapsulated - in skeletal muscles of extermities.
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| Golgi tendon organs | Tendon stretch & tension - proprioceptor & mechanoreceptor - encapsulated - in tendons.
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| Joint Kinesthetic Receptors | Synovial joint capsules - proprioceptor, mechaoreceptors, nociceptors - encapsulated - syovial joints.
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| Fusiform | "Spindle-shaped"
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| Intrafusal Fibers | Bundle of modified skeletal muscle fibers - make muscle spindles - enclosed in CT
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| Golgi tendon organs consist of __. | Small bundles of tendon (collagen) fibers.
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| When Golgi tendon organs are activated, the contracting muscle __. | Is inhibited, which causes it to relax.
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| Which 4 receptor types contribute to joint kinesthetic receptors? | Pacinian, ruffini, free nerve endings, & Golgi-like organ.
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| Somatosensory System | That part of sensory system serving body wall & limbs that receives input from receptors & transmits info.
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| 3 main levels of neural integration in somatosensory system. | (1) Receptor level, (2) Circuit level (ascending pathways), & (3) Perceptual level (neuronal circuits in cerebral cortex).
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| Phasic receptors | Fast adapting receptors often giving bursts of impulses @ beginning/end of stimulus - Pacinian & Meissner's.
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| Tonic Receptors | Sustained response w/little or no adaptation - nociceptors & most proprioceptors.
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| The task at the circuit level is to __. | Deliver impulses to appropriate region of cerebral cortex for stimulus location & perception.
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| Ascending sensory pathways typically consist of __. | A chain of 3 neurons - 1st, 2nd, & 3rd order sensory neurons.
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| Axons of 1st order sensory neurons __. | Link receptor & circuit levels of processing - cell bodies in dorsal root or cranial ganglia.
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| Impulses reach conscious awareness in the __. | Sensory Cortex
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| Fibers in the nonspecific ascending pathways __. | Transmit pain, temp, & coarse touch impulses. Emotional aspects of perception (pleasure/pain)
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| Specific ascending pathways are involved in __. | Discriminative aspects of touch (tactile), vibration, pressure, & conscious proprioception (limb & joint position)
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| "Noxious Stimuli" | Anything damaging to tissues.
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| Body's pain-producing chemicals | Prostaglandins & bradykinins
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| Pain-producing chemicals activate __. | Specific receptors on small-diameter C fibers, & initiates pain signals.
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| Surface, somatic localized pain transmitted on __. | Myelinated A delta fibers.
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| Deep somatic pain always indicates __. | Tissue Damage - unmyelinated C fibers.
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| The pain neurotransmitter | Substance P & glutamate
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| Hyperalgesia | Pain amplification
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| Nerve | Parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by successive wrappings of CT.
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| Layers of CT around nerve, inferior to superior. | Endoneurium - perineurium - epineurium.
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| Ganglia | Collections of cell bodies of nerves in PNS - afferent & efferent.
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| Wallerian Degeneration | Axon & myelin sheath distal to injury of neuron begins to disintegrate w/o nutrients.
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| Regeneration of a peripheral nerve. | (1) Fragmentation of axon, (2) Macrophages destroy axon, (3) Axon filaments grow w/in regeneration tube formed by Schwann cells, (4) regenerated axon & formation of new myelin sheath.
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| CAMs | Cell adhesion molecules that encourage growth of axon & from regeneration tube.
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| Regeneration Tube | System of cellular cords that guide regenerating axon "sprouts" across gap & to original contacts.
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| There are __ pairs of cranial nerves. | 12
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| Cranial Nerves Pneumonic Tool? | Oh, once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are here!
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| First 3 O's of cranial nerves? | Olfactory, optic, & oculomotor.
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| 4th & 5th cranial nerve T's? | Trochlear, Trigeminal
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| Which cranial nerve for taste? | Facial - VII
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| The planners & coordinators of complex motor activities? | Cerebellum & Basal Nuclei
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| Lowest to highest - levels of motor hierarchy. | Segmental, projection, & precommand
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| Segmental Level | Lowest of motor hierarchy - spinal cord circuits.
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| Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) | Control locomotion & often-repeated motor activities - networks of inhibitory/excitatory neurons - alternating patterns of movements.
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| Projection Level of motor control | Upepr motor neurons of motor cortex - direct (pyramidal) system, brain stem nuclei - reticular formation.
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| Direct system of brain stem motor areas. | Pyramidal system - voluntary movement
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| Indrect system of brain stem motor areas. | Multineuronal - reflex & CPG-controlled actions.
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| Precommand level of motor control | Cerebellum & basal nuclei - precisely start/stop movements, coordinate postsure, block unwanted movement, & monitors muscle tone - CONTROL OUTPUTS
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| The keycenter from "online" sensorimotor integration & control is the __. | Cerebellum - acts on motor pathways through projection areas of brainstem & motor cortex via thalamus.
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| Basal nuclei receives inputs from all __. | Cortical areas - in advance of willed movements.
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| The cortex says, "I want to do this" & lets the __ take over & provide timing & patterns to execute. | Precommand areas.
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| Somatosensory Cortex | Somatic sensations are processed by this outermost layer of gray matter - here is area of interneurons organized like maps of individual parts of body.
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| Taste & smell are __ senses. | Chemical - they start @ chemoreceptors.
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| Spinal reflexes | Somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord.
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| Spinal Shock | All functions controlled by spinal cord are immediately depressed.
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| __ provide tension info of muscle & __ the length. | Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles
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| Type 1a fibers of muscle spindles. | Innervate spindle center - detect rate & degree of stretch.
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| Type 2 fibers of muscle spindles. | Innervate spindle ends - detect degree of stretch.
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| Stretch reflex | Makes sure muscle stays at correct length - knee-jerk - maintains muscle tone - posture muscles.
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| Patellar/knee-jerk reflex helps keep __. | Knees from buckling when standing upright. Causes quads to contract w/o thinking.
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| Stretch stimulus causes __ to relax so they cannot resist shortening of stretched muscle during reflex arc. | Antagonists
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| Most familiar clinical example of stretch reflex. | Knee-jerk.
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| All stretch reflexes are __ & __. | Monosynaptic & ipsilateral
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| Ipsilateral | Same side of body
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| Reflex arc are __. | Polysynaptic - stimulate one & inhibit antagonist.
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| a-y coactivation | Motor impulses are simultaneously sent to the large extrafusal fibers & muscle spindle intrafusal fibers.
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| A gymnast must have highly sensitive __ or she'll fall. | Muscle spindles
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| Golgi tendon organs help avoid __. | Tearing of muscles & tendons by relaxing muscle & lengthening in response to tension.
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| Flexor reflex | Withdrawl reflex - automatic withdrawl of threatened body part from stimulus - protective reflexes.
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| Crossed-extensor reflex | Contralateral (other side) responds to support the body part experiencing flex reflex.
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| Plantar reflex | L4-S2 - sole of foot (plantar) stimulated & downward flexion (curling) of toes.
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| Babinski's Sign | When sole of foot stimulated, great toe dorsiflexes & smaller toes fan laterally.
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| Abdominal reflexes | Tests cord & ventral rami T8-T12
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| Skeletal muscles derive from? | Paired blocks of mesoderm.
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