BIO201-CH13-PNS&ARCS Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Question | Answer |
5 classes of receptors are? | (1) Mechanoreceptors (touch,pressure), (2) thermoreceptors (temp), (3) photoreceptors (light), (4) chemoreceptors (chemicals in solution), & (4) nociceptors (pain). |
Nociceptors sense what? | Stimuli that can damage body - elicits pain as response. |
3 classifications of receptors by location. | (1) Exteroceptors (outside body), (2) interoceptors (w/in body), (3) proprioceptors (in ligaments, joints, muscles, & CT). |
Simple receptors | Modified dendritic endings of senosry neurons |
Complex receptors | Sense organs (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell & taste). |
Unencapsulated (naked) dendric endings | Unmyelinated - C fibers - knoblike swellings @ ends. Temp, pain, itch (histamine) - Merkel discs & hair follicles. |
Encapsulated dendric endings | 1 or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in CT capsule. |
Give some examples of encapsulated dendric endings | Mechanoreceptors - Meissner's, Pacinian, Ruffini, muscle spindles, golgi tendon & joint kinesthetic. |
Messner's Corpuscles | Tactile - encapsulated, exteroceptors - light pressure - in dermal papillae of hairless skin. |
Merkel (tactile) discs | Tactile - unencapsulated, exteroceptor - light pressure - basal layer of epidermis. |
Pacinian Corpuscles (lamellated) | Resembles cut onion - pressure - encapsulated, exteroceptor & mechanoreceptor - pressure, vibration, stretch - dermis & hypodermis |
Hair follicle receptor | Hair deflection - exteroceptor & mechanoreceptor |
Ruffini endings | Deep & continuous pressure - exteroceptor & proprioceptor - encapsulated - deep in dermis, hypodermis, & joint capsules. |
Muscle Spindles | Muscle stretch & length - proprioceptor & mechanoreceptor - encapsulated - in skeletal muscles of extermities. |
Golgi tendon organs | Tendon stretch & tension - proprioceptor & mechanoreceptor - encapsulated - in tendons. |
Joint Kinesthetic Receptors | Synovial joint capsules - proprioceptor, mechaoreceptors, nociceptors - encapsulated - syovial joints. |
Fusiform | "Spindle-shaped" |
Intrafusal Fibers | Bundle of modified skeletal muscle fibers - make muscle spindles - enclosed in CT |
Golgi tendon organs consist of __. | Small bundles of tendon (collagen) fibers. |
When Golgi tendon organs are activated, the contracting muscle __. | Is inhibited, which causes it to relax. |
Which 4 receptor types contribute to joint kinesthetic receptors? | Pacinian, ruffini, free nerve endings, & Golgi-like organ. |
Somatosensory System | That part of sensory system serving body wall & limbs that receives input from receptors & transmits info. |
3 main levels of neural integration in somatosensory system. | (1) Receptor level, (2) Circuit level (ascending pathways), & (3) Perceptual level (neuronal circuits in cerebral cortex). |
Phasic receptors | Fast adapting receptors often giving bursts of impulses @ beginning/end of stimulus - Pacinian & Meissner's. |
Tonic Receptors | Sustained response w/little or no adaptation - nociceptors & most proprioceptors. |
The task at the circuit level is to __. | Deliver impulses to appropriate region of cerebral cortex for stimulus location & perception. |
Ascending sensory pathways typically consist of __. | A chain of 3 neurons - 1st, 2nd, & 3rd order sensory neurons. |
Axons of 1st order sensory neurons __. | Link receptor & circuit levels of processing - cell bodies in dorsal root or cranial ganglia. |
Impulses reach conscious awareness in the __. | Sensory Cortex |
Fibers in the nonspecific ascending pathways __. | Transmit pain, temp, & coarse touch impulses. Emotional aspects of perception (pleasure/pain) |
Specific ascending pathways are involved in __. | Discriminative aspects of touch (tactile), vibration, pressure, & conscious proprioception (limb & joint position) |
"Noxious Stimuli" | Anything damaging to tissues. |
Body's pain-producing chemicals | Prostaglandins & bradykinins |
Pain-producing chemicals activate __. | Specific receptors on small-diameter C fibers, & initiates pain signals. |
Surface, somatic localized pain transmitted on __. | Myelinated A delta fibers. |
Deep somatic pain always indicates __. | Tissue Damage - unmyelinated C fibers. |
The pain neurotransmitter | Substance P & glutamate |
Hyperalgesia | Pain amplification |
Nerve | Parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by successive wrappings of CT. |
Layers of CT around nerve, inferior to superior. | Endoneurium - perineurium - epineurium. |
Ganglia | Collections of cell bodies of nerves in PNS - afferent & efferent. |
Wallerian Degeneration | Axon & myelin sheath distal to injury of neuron begins to disintegrate w/o nutrients. |
Regeneration of a peripheral nerve. | (1) Fragmentation of axon, (2) Macrophages destroy axon, (3) Axon filaments grow w/in regeneration tube formed by Schwann cells, (4) regenerated axon & formation of new myelin sheath. |
CAMs | Cell adhesion molecules that encourage growth of axon & from regeneration tube. |
Regeneration Tube | System of cellular cords that guide regenerating axon "sprouts" across gap & to original contacts. |
There are __ pairs of cranial nerves. | 12 |
Cranial Nerves Pneumonic Tool? | Oh, once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are here! |
First 3 O's of cranial nerves? | Olfactory, optic, & oculomotor. |
4th & 5th cranial nerve T's? | Trochlear, Trigeminal |
Which cranial nerve for taste? | Facial - VII |
The planners & coordinators of complex motor activities? | Cerebellum & Basal Nuclei |
Lowest to highest - levels of motor hierarchy. | Segmental, projection, & precommand |
Segmental Level | Lowest of motor hierarchy - spinal cord circuits. |
Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) | Control locomotion & often-repeated motor activities - networks of inhibitory/excitatory neurons - alternating patterns of movements. |
Projection Level of motor control | Upepr motor neurons of motor cortex - direct (pyramidal) system, brain stem nuclei - reticular formation. |
Direct system of brain stem motor areas. | Pyramidal system - voluntary movement |
Indrect system of brain stem motor areas. | Multineuronal - reflex & CPG-controlled actions. |
Precommand level of motor control | Cerebellum & basal nuclei - precisely start/stop movements, coordinate postsure, block unwanted movement, & monitors muscle tone - CONTROL OUTPUTS |
The keycenter from "online" sensorimotor integration & control is the __. | Cerebellum - acts on motor pathways through projection areas of brainstem & motor cortex via thalamus. |
Basal nuclei receives inputs from all __. | Cortical areas - in advance of willed movements. |
The cortex says, "I want to do this" & lets the __ take over & provide timing & patterns to execute. | Precommand areas. |
Somatosensory Cortex | Somatic sensations are processed by this outermost layer of gray matter - here is area of interneurons organized like maps of individual parts of body. |
Taste & smell are __ senses. | Chemical - they start @ chemoreceptors. |
Spinal reflexes | Somatic reflexes mediated by spinal cord. |
Spinal Shock | All functions controlled by spinal cord are immediately depressed. |
__ provide tension info of muscle & __ the length. | Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles |
Type 1a fibers of muscle spindles. | Innervate spindle center - detect rate & degree of stretch. |
Type 2 fibers of muscle spindles. | Innervate spindle ends - detect degree of stretch. |
Stretch reflex | Makes sure muscle stays at correct length - knee-jerk - maintains muscle tone - posture muscles. |
Patellar/knee-jerk reflex helps keep __. | Knees from buckling when standing upright. Causes quads to contract w/o thinking. |
Stretch stimulus causes __ to relax so they cannot resist shortening of stretched muscle during reflex arc. | Antagonists |
Most familiar clinical example of stretch reflex. | Knee-jerk. |
All stretch reflexes are __ & __. | Monosynaptic & ipsilateral |
Ipsilateral | Same side of body |
Reflex arc are __. | Polysynaptic - stimulate one & inhibit antagonist. |
a-y coactivation | Motor impulses are simultaneously sent to the large extrafusal fibers & muscle spindle intrafusal fibers. |
A gymnast must have highly sensitive __ or she'll fall. | Muscle spindles |
Golgi tendon organs help avoid __. | Tearing of muscles & tendons by relaxing muscle & lengthening in response to tension. |
Flexor reflex | Withdrawl reflex - automatic withdrawl of threatened body part from stimulus - protective reflexes. |
Crossed-extensor reflex | Contralateral (other side) responds to support the body part experiencing flex reflex. |
Plantar reflex | L4-S2 - sole of foot (plantar) stimulated & downward flexion (curling) of toes. |
Babinski's Sign | When sole of foot stimulated, great toe dorsiflexes & smaller toes fan laterally. |
Abdominal reflexes | Tests cord & ventral rami T8-T12 |
Skeletal muscles derive from? | Paired blocks of mesoderm. |
Created by:
Ladystorm
Popular Anatomy sets