Chapter 2 (1st Exam)
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| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass
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| Mass | Amount of material in matter; physical property that determines the weight of an object in Earth’s gravitational field
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| Atom | Smallest stable unit of matter
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| Atoms are composed of these three subatomic particles | Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
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| Protons | Positive electrical charge
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| Neutrons | Electrically neutral
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| Electrons | Negative electrical charge
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| What is an atom's mass determined by? | The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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| Atoms normally contain equal what? | Protons and electrons
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| Atomic Number | Number of protons in an atom
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| Element | Pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind
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| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
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| Mass Number | The total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus; is used to designate isotopes.
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| Radioisotopes | Isotopes with unstable nuclei that spontaneously break down and emit subatomic particles of radiation in measurable amounts.
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| Radioactive Decay | Breakdown process of radioisotopes
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| Half-Life | Time required for half of a given amount of the isotope to decay
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| Atomic Weight | Actual mass of an atom; expressed in atomic mass unit
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| Mole | Quantity with a weight in grams equal to that element’s atomic weight
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| How many electrons can the 1st energy level hold? | 2
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| How many electrons can the 2nd and 3rd energy levels hold each? | 8
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| Valence Shell | Outermost energy level forming the surface of the atom
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| What are atoms with unfilled energy levels? What do they do? | Unstable and react with other atoms
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| Inert Elements don’t... | Readily participate in chemical processes
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| Chemical Bonds | Hold participating atoms together once the reaction has ended
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| Molecule | Any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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| Compound | Pure chemical substances made up of atoms of two or more different elements, regardless of the type of bond joining them
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| When chemical bonding occurs it results in the creation of what new chemical entities? | Molecules and Compounds
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| Ions | Atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge, either positive or negative; have an unequal number of protons and electrons.
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| How do atoms become ions? | By losing or gaining electrons
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| Cations | Ions with a positive charge
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| Anions | Ions with a negative charge
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| Ionic Bonds | Chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
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| Electron Donor | Loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation with a positive charge
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| Electron Acceptor | Gains electrons and becomes an anion with a negative charge
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| Covalent Bond | Complete their outer electron shells by sharing electrons with other atoms
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| Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | Covalent bonds involving an equal sharing of electrons
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| Polar Covalent Bonds | Covalent bonds involving an unequal sharing of electrons
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| Free Radical | An ion or molecule that contains unpaired electrons in its outermost energy levels
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| Surface Tension | Act as a barrier that keeps small objects from entering the water
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| What are the three states of matter? | Liquid, Gas, and Solid
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| Liquid | Constant volume but no fixed shape
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| Solid | Maintains volume and shape at ordinary temperatures and pressures
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| Gas | Neither constant volume of fixed shape; will fill any container of any size
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| Molecular Weight | The sum of the atomic weights of its component atoms
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| Metabolism | All the reactions underway in the cells and tissues of the body at any given moment
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| Work | Movement of an object or a change in the physical structure of matter
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| Energy | Capacity to perform work; cannot be destroyed only converted
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| Kinetic Energy | Energy of motion; energy that can be transferred to another object and perform work
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| Potential Energy | Stored energy
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| Three types chemical reactions | Decomposition reaction, synthesis reaction, and exchange reaction
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| Decomposition Reaction | Breaks down the molecule into smaller fragments
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| What is (AB⟶ A+B) an example of? | Decomposition Reactions
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| Hydrolysis | one of the bonds in a complex Molecule is broken and the components of a water molecule are added to the resulting fragments
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| Catabolism | The decomposition of complex molecules within the body’s cells and tissues
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| Synthesis Reaction | The opposite of decomposition, assembles smaller molecules into larger molecules
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| What is A + B⟶AB an example of? | Synthesis Reaction
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| Dehydration Synthesis | The formation of a complex molecule by the removal of a water molecule
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| Anabolism | The synthesis of new molecules within the body’s cells and tissues
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| Exchange Reactions | Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products
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| Activation Energy | Amount of energy required to start a reaction
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| Enzymes | Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy requirements
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| Exergonic | Reactions that release energy
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| Endergonic | Reactions that absorb energy because more energy is required to begin the reaction
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| Nutrients | Essential elements and molecules normally obtained from the diet
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| Metabolites | All the molecules that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical
reactions inside our bodies
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| Inorganic | Generally don’t contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as their primary ingredients
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| Most important inorganic compounds in the body? | Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts
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| Organic | Carbon and hydrogen always for the basis
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| Most important organic compounds in the body? | Carbohydrates, proteins lipids, and nucleic acids
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| Properties of water | Solubility, reactivity, high heat capacity, lubrication
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| Ionization | Ionic bonds are broken down as the individual ions
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| Electrolytes | Soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution
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| Hydrophilic Compounds | Molecules that interact readily with water molecules
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| Hydrophobic Compounds | Molecules that do not interact readily with water molecules
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| Colloids | Solution containing dispersed proteins and other large molecules; particles remain in solution indefinitely
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| Suspension | Contains large particles in solution; if undisturbed, these particles will settle out of solution due to the force of gravity
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| More ions means ____ pH, less ions means _____ pH | Lower, higher
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| pH scales range from... | 0-14
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| Neutral | pH of 7
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| Acidic | pH below 7
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| Base | pH above 7
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| pH of blood | 7.35-7.45
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| pH of stomach acid | 1
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| Acid | Any solution that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen ions, thereby lowering the pH
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| Base | A solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution and thereby acts as a protein acceptor
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| Salt | An ionic compound containing any cation except a hydrogen ion, and any anion except a hydroxide ion.
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| Buffers | Compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions
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| Carbohydrates | An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
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| Monosaccharides | Simple sugar; contains 3 to 7 carbon atoms
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| Name 2 Monosaccharides | Glucose and Fructose
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| Disaccharides | Two monosaccharides joined together
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| Name a disaccharides | Sucrose
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| Polysaccharides | Disaccharides with additional monosaccharides
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| Name 2 Polysaccharides | Cellulose and Glycogen
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| Lipid | Contain a carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:2
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| Five classes of lipids | Fatty acids,Eicosanoids,Glycerides, Steroids, and Phospholipids and Glycolipids
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| Fatty Acids | Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached
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| Eicosanoids | Lipids derived from arachidonic acid, a fatty acid that must be absorbed in the diet because it cannot be synthesized by the body
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| Name two classes of eicosanoids | leukotrienes and prostaglandins
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| Glycerides | Individual fatty acids that can be attached to a modified simple sugar, glycerol
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| Triglycerides (glycerol + three fatty acids) have three functions | Energy source, insulation, and protection
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| Steroid | Large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon framework
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| Proteins | Chains of amino acids; most abundant organic compounds
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| Essential functions of proteins | Support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control, and defense
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| Amino Acid | Long chain of organic molecules
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| A typical protein has ____ amino acids | 100
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| Each amino acid consists of... | A central carbon atom
A hydrogen atom
An amino group
A carboxyl group
An R Group
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| Peptide Bond | A covalent bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another
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| Peptides | Molecules consisting of amino acids held together by a peptide bond
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| 4 levels of structural complexity | Primary Structure-length of a single polypeptide
Secondary Structure-simple spiral
Tertiary Structure-coiling and folding
Quaternary Structure
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| 2 general structural classes on the basis of their overall shape and properties | Fibrous Protein and Globular Protein
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| Fibrous Protein | Form extended sheets or strands; usually the product of secondary structure
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| Globular Protein | Compact, generally rounded; product of its tertiary structure
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| All enzymes share three basic characteristics | Specificity
Saturation Limits
Regulation
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| Cofactor | Ion or a molecule that must bind to the enzyme before substances can also bind
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| Nucleic Acids | Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
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| 2 classes of nucleic acid molecules | DNA and RNA
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| Nucleotides | Individual subunits of nucleic acids.
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| Each nucleotide has these three parts | Pentose
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
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| 5 nitrogenous bases exist in nucleic acids | Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil
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| Both RNA and DNA have these three nitrogenous bases | Adenine, guanine, and cytosine
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| RNA has this nitrogenouse base | Uracil
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| DNA has this nitrogenouse base | Thymine
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