Heart
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| A healthy 80-kilogram resting adult's heart beats ____ times per min. | 75
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| The amount of blood pumped from one ventricle per min is called ____ ____. | cardiac output
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| When the body is more active and needs more nutrients the heart can increase its output by ____ to ____ fold. | 5-6
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| Two basic types of blood vessels are ____ and ____. | arteries, veins
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| ____ carry blood AWAY from the heart. | Arteries
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| ____ carry blood TO the heart. | Veins
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| The arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called the ____ ____. | great vessels
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| The heart’s anatomy ensures the ____ flow of blood through it. | unidirectional
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| Backflow of blood is prevented by ____. | valves
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| The heart acts like two side-by-side pumps that work at the same ____ and pump the same ____ of blood. | rate, volume
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| The heart develops ____ ____ through alternate cycles of heart wall contraction and relaxation. | blood pressure
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| Pulmonary circulation consists of the chambers on the ____ side of the heart. | right
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| Cardiac output = ____ *____ | stroke volume multiplied by heart rate
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| Systemic circulation consists of the chambers on the ____ side of the heart. | left
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| Most veins merge and drain into the superior and inferior ____ ____ which drains blood into the ____ atrium. | venae cavae, right
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| The heart is located ____ of the body midline, posterior to the ____ and in the ____. | left, sternum, mediastinum
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| The heart is slightly rotated so the ____ border is more anterior and the ____ border is more posterior. | right, left
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| The posterosuperior surface of the heart is called the ____. | base
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| The ____ ____ is formed by the great arterial trunks and the superior vena cava. | superior border
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| The heart's conical end is called the ____. | apex
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| The inferior border is formed by the ____ ____. | right ventricle
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| The heart is contained within the ____, a fibrous sac and serous lining. | pericardium
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| 2 functions of the pericardium: ____ heart movement and prevents it from ____ with blood | restricts, overfilling
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| The outer portion of the pericardium is a tough, dense connective tissue layer called ____ _____. | fibrous pericardium
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| The inner layer of pericardium is a thin, double-layered serous membrane called ____ ____. | serous pericardium
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| The serous pericardium is divided into two layers _____ layer and ____ layer. | parietal, visceral
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| The ____ layer of serous pericardium lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. | parietal
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| The ____ layer of serous pericardium covers the outside of the heart. | visceral
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| The thin space between the parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium is the ____ ____. | pericardial cavity
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| The pericardial cavity is a ____ space with just a thin lining of serous fluid. | potential
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| In an average normal adult the heart weighs ____ to ____ grams. | 250-350
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| The ____ is the outermost heart layer and is AKA visceral layer. | epicardium
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| The ____ is the middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. | myocardium
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| The myocardium is where ____ ____ (heart attacks) occur. | myocardial infarctions
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| The internal surface of the heart and the external surface of the valves are covered by _____. | endocardium
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| The endocardium is composed of a simple squamous endocardium called _____ and a layer of areolar connective tissue. | endothelium
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| The left and right ____ are thin-walled chambers located superiorly in the heart. | atria
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| The anterior part of each atrium is a wrinkled flap like extension called an _____. | auricle
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| The right atrium receives blood from the ____ circulation and the left atrium receives blood from the ____ circulation. | systemic, pulmonary
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| The left and right ____ are the inferior chambers in the heart. | ventricles
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| Two large arteries, the ____ trunk and the ____ exit the heart at its superior border. | pulmonary, aorta
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| The pulmonary trunk carries blood from the ____ ____ into the pulmonary circulation. | right ventricle
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| The aorta conducts blood from the left ventricle in the ____ circulation. | systemic
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| The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by a deep _____ _____. | coronary sulcus
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| The anterior/posterior inter-ventricular sulci are located between the left and right _____. | ventricles
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| All sulci house blood vessels packed in ____ tissue. | adipose
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| The heart possesses four chambers: | Right atrium, Right ventricle, Left atrium, Left ventricle
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| The heart possesses four valves: | Right atrioventricular (tricuspid), Pulmonary semilunar, Left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral), Aortic semilunar
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| In a normal 80 kg resting adult blood pumped from one ventricle per min ____ L (cardiac output). | 5.25
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| The ____ _____ of the heart is located between the atria and the ventricles, is formed from dense regular connective tissue. | fibrous skeleton
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| ____ ____ separates the atria and the ventricles. | fibrous skeleton
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| The ____ ____ anchors heart valves by forming supportive rings at their attachment points. | fibrous skeleton
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| Fibrous skeleton provides ____ ____ between atria and ventricles that ensure muscle impulses are not spread throughout the heart. | electrical insulation
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| ____ ____ provides a rigid framework for the attachment of cardiac muscle tissue. | fibrous skeleton
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| The right ____ receives venous blood from the systemic circulation and the heart muscle itself. | atrium
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| Three major vessels empty blood into the right atrium ____ ____ ____, inferior vena cava, ____ ____. | superior vena cava, coronary sinus
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| The ____ ____ ____ drains blood from the head, neck, upper limbs, and superior regions of the trunk n to the right atrium. | superior vena cava
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| The ____ ____ ____ drains blood from the lower limbs and trunk into the right atrium. | inferior vena cava
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| The ____ ____ drains blood from the heart wall into the right atrium. | coronary sinus
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| The ___ ___ forms a thin wall between the right and left atria. | interatrial septum
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| The auricle and the anterior atrial wall exhibit muscular ridges called ____ muscles. | pectinate
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| The interatrial septum has an oval depression called ____ ____. | fossa ovalis
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| The fossa ovalis is formally known as the fetal ____ ovale. | foramen
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| Separating the right atrium from the right ventricle is the right ____ opening. | atrioventricular
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| The right AV opening is covered by a right ____ valve (tricuspid). | atrioventricular
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| The right AV valve is forced closed when the RV begins to contract preventing ____. | backflow
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| The right ventricle receives ____ venous blood from the RA. | deoxygenated
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| An ____ ____ forms a thick wall between the right and left ventricles. | interventricular septum
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| The internal wall of each ventricle has large, smooth, irregular muscular ridges called ____ ____. | trabeculae carneae
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| The right ventricle typically has three cone-shaped, muscular projections called ____ muscles. | papillary
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| Papillary muscles in the ventricles anchor numerous strands of collagen fibers called ____ ____. | chordae tendineae
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| The ____ ____ attach to the lower surface of cusps of the right AV valve and prevent the valve from everting and flipping into the atrium. | chordae tendineae
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| A muscle bundle called ____ ____ connects the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the interventricular septum. | septomarginal trabecular
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| At the superior end the RV narrows into a smooth-walled conical region called ____ ____. | conus arteriosus
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| Beyond the conus arteriosus is the ____ ____ valve that marks the end of the RV and the entrance into the pulmonary trunk. | pulmonary semilunar
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| The ____ ____ divides into right and left pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. | pulmonary trunk
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| Semilunar valves are located within the walls of both ventricles; each valve is composed of three thin, half-moon shaped, and pocket like semilunar _____. | cusps
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| Oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary veins to the ____ ____. | left atrium
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| Separating the left ventricle and the left atrium in the left ____ opening, the opening is covered by ____ ____- valve (bicuspid/mitral). | atrioventricular, left atrioventricular (AV)
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| At the superior end of the ventricular cavity, the ____ ____ ____ marks the end of the left ventricle and the entrance into the aorta. | aortic semilunar valve
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| Left and right ____ ____ travel within the coronary sulcus of the heart to supply the heart wall. | coronary arteries
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| The left and right coronary arteries are the only branches of the ascending ____. | aorta
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| The right coronary artery typically branches into the right ____ artery and the posterior ____ artery. | marginal, interventricular
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| The right marginal artery supplies the ____ ____ of the heart. | right border
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| The posterior interventricular artery supplies ____ surface of both the left and right ventricles. | posterior
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| The left coronary artery branches into ____ ____ artery and the _____ artery. | anterior interventricular, circumflex
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| The anterior interventricular artery supplies the ____ surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum. | anterior
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| The circumflex artery supplies the left ____ and ____. | atrium, ventricle
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| Coronary arteries are considered ___ ___ arteries despite the fact that they have anastomoses. | functional end
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| ___ let the arteries share a tiny amount of blood. This is not enough blood to share when one of them is blocked. | Anastomoses
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| The great ____ ____ runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery. | cardiac vein
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| The ____ ____ vein runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery. | middle cardiac
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| The ____ ____ vein travels close to the right marginal artery. | small cardiac
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| The great, middle, and small cardiac veins all drain into the ____ ____, a large vein that lies in the posterior aspect of the coronary sulcus. | coronary sinus
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| The coronary sinus drains directly into the ____ ____ of the heart. | right atrium
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| Because the ventricular myocardium is compressed during contraction most of coronary flow occurs during ventricular _____. | relaxation
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| An inadequate coronary blood flow called ____ is an increased heart rate that shortens diastole. | tachycardia
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| Inadequate coronary blood flow called ____ is the reduced ability of blood flow through the ventricular myocardium. | hypotension
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| Deoxygenated blood is carried in the _____ circuit. | pulmonary
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| ____ is a visceral layer of serous pericardium surrounding the outer walls of the heart | Epicardium
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| What is the function of serous fluid? | lubrication
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| The coronary sulcus separate the ____ and the ____ externally | atria, ventricles
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| Closure of right atrioventricular valve is caused by the ____ of the right ventricle. | contraction
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| The _____ _____ attach to the lower surface of cusps of the right AV valve and prevent the valve from everting and flipping into the atrium when the RV is contracting. | chordae tendineae
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