Tcc Crossland ch 2
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| cell | The smallest living unit in the human body
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| Schleiden and Schwann | In 1838 Schleiden formulated the cell theory for plants.
In 1839 Schwann formulate the cell theory for animals.
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| Cell Theory | *All organisms are composed of cells
*All cells com from other cells
*all chemicals reactions of living organisms take place within cells
*Cells contain the hereditary factors
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| Plasma membrane | *surrounds the outside of the cytoplasum
*composed of phospholipids membrane proteins and other compunds
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| Cytoplasm | general term for all the material inside the cell
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| Cytosol | Fluid component of cytoplasm; may contain inclusions of insoluble materials
Functions - Distruibutes materials by diffusion; stores glycogen, pigments and other materials
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| Organelles | structures withing the cytoplasm that have a particular function and very distinct structure
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| Ribosomes | RNA + Proteins; fixes ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticlum, free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm
function - Protein Synthesis
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| Protein Synthesis |
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| Surface area and volume |
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| Nucleus | is an organelle surrounded by a double membrane with numerous openings
functions - hereditary information, produce mRNA molecules that serve as templates for proteins synthesis, synthesis or ribosomal suuniths
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| Nuclear envelope and pores | nuclear envelope - double membrane
nuclear pores - numerous openings on the nucleus
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| nucleolus |
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| Mitochondrion | Double membrane, with inner membrane folds (criste) enclosing metabolic enzymes
function - produces 95 percent of ATP required by the cell
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| Endoplasmic reticulum | Network of membranous channels extending though out the cytoplasm
Function - synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport
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| Rough and Smooth ER | Rough - has ribosomes bound to membranes fuction modification and packagin of newly synthesized proteins
Smooth - lacks ribosomes functions - lipid, steroids, and carbohydrates synthesis; calcium ion storage
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| Golgi apparatus/Complex | Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers
Functions - Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes
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| lysosome | Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
functions - intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
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| peroxisome | Vesicles containing degradative enzymes
functions - catabloism of fats and other organic compounded; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process
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| vacuole |
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| cytoskeletion | The internal protein framework that gives the cytoplasm strength and flexibility
Function - Strength and support; moement of celluar structures and materials
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| cilia and flagella | nine groupos of long microtubule doublets form a cylinder around a central pair propels fluids or solids across cell surface or with flagella propels sperm cells though fluid
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| cytoplasmic streaming |
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| dynein and kinesin | are tiny cellular motors that move substances along elements of the cytoskeleton. they also move cytoskeletal elements past each other
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| tight junctions |
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| Communicating (Gap)junctions |
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| Anchoring junctions |
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| Cell Cycle | includes both the growth phases and cell division.
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| Parent cell | makes 2 daughter cells
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| Daughter cell | each cell receives a portion of the cytoplasm and organelles of the parents cell as well as a complete set of chromosomes.
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| Interphase | period during which the cell is not actively dividing includes G1,S, and G2
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| S,G1 and G2 | *G1 growth and metabolism
*S DNA replication production of histones
*G2 structures required for division begin to form
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| Prophase | *Chromatin is condensed to form visible chromosomes
*Each chromosome has two sister chromatids
* Spindle begins to form
* Nuclear envelope disintegrates
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| Metaphase | *Chromosomes attached to the spindle by Kinetochores
*Kinetochores align chromosomes along the plane of cell division
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| Anaphase | *Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite polls
*each is now a daughter chromosomes
*Enzymes in the Kinetochores provide the propulsion
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| Telophase | *A complete set of chromosomes is grouped around each pole
*Nuclear envelope forms around each set (from elements of the ER)
*Mitotic spindle disintergrates
*Chromosomes uncoil
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| Mitosis and Meisosis |
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| Chromatin |
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| Chromosome |
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| Sister Chromatids |
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| Kinetochore |
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| Nucleus | nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by double membrane 0nuclear envelop) containing nuclear pores
function- control of metabolism; storage and processing of genetic information;contol of protein synthesi
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| Nuclear envelope | envelope surrounding the nucleus
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| Mitotic spindle |
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| Centrioles |
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| Cytokinesis |
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| Cleavage Furrow |
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| What is a cell? |
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| What is the basic structure of an animal cell |
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| 4 major tenets of cell theory |
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| structure of the plasma membrane | * surrounds the outside of the cytoplasm
*composed of phospholipids, membrane proteins and other compounds.
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| what are the different components of the plasma membrane |
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| what are the primary functions of the plasma membrane | *regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
*mediates response of cell to hormones and other signal
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| how big are cells |
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| why is there a functional limit to cell size |
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| what are the different cellular organelles |
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| what are the structures of the cellular organelles |
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| what are the functions of the cellular organelles |
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| how do cells move |
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| what are the different methods of locomotion |
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| what are the different type of intercellular junctions | tight junctions, communicating junctions achoring junctions
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| how do cells produce new cells |
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| what is a cell cycle |
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| what are the different phases of the cell cycle |
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| what are the major events that occur in each phase of the cell cycle |
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| and Chromosomes |
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| functions of the Golgi Apparatus | functions- synthesis and packaging of ploysaccharides destined for vacuoles and the cell wall,processing and routing of proteins from the ER
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