Female
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| What does the female repoductive system include? | ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina
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| What are the accessories to reproductive system? | glands and external organs
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| What are the functions of the reproductive system? | 1. produce and sustain femal sex cells (egg cells, or ova) 2. transport these cells to a site where they can be fertilized by sperm 3. develop offspring, move the offspring outside at the end of development period. and produces female sex hormones
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| What are the primary reproductive organs | Ovaries
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| Where are the ovaries located? | in shallow depressions called ovarian fossae
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| What are the ovaries covered by? | Germinal (ovarian) epithelium
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| What is tunica albuginea? | dense connective tissue capsule under the epithelium of the ovaries
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| What do follicles contain? | contain oocytes
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| What appears to be more dense and granular because of numerous ovarian follicles in it? | the Cortex
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| What are female sex cells (gametes) that develop in the ovaries by a form of Meiosis? | Oogenesis
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| What do primitive germ cells differentiate into? | oogonia
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| Wha is the function of Oogonia? | divide rapidly to form thousands of cells with 46 chromosomes
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| When Oogonia enlarge what do they become? | Primary Oocytes
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| What is the function of Primary Oocytes? | replicate their DNA and bein the first Meiotic Division. Process stops in prophase
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| What is produced by the large cell that undergoes an unequal division so that nearly all of the cytoplasm, organelles and half the chromosomes go to one cell? | Secondary Oocyte
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| The remaining half of chromosomes from the secondary oocytes go to smaller cell called what? | First Polar Body
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| What are ovaries held in place by? | peritoneal ligaments
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| What is an oocyte? | female germ cell contained in each follicle
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| What does the Medulla consist of? | abundant blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers
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| How many primary oocytes do you have at birth? | 700,000
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| How many primary oocytes at puberty? | 400,000
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| What is Meiosis I? | when primary oocyte undergoes an unequal division. (all the cytoplasm, organelles and half the chromosomes). The remaining half of chromosomes go to a smaller cell First Polar Body
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| What does the Oovarian Follicle consist of? | developing oocyte
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| What does Primordial Follicles consit of? | a developing oocyte
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| How do Primary Follicles grow? | under the influence of FSH
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| What are Granulosa Cells? | several layers cells that form around primary oocyte
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| What is a Secondary Follicle? | Granulosa cells that secrete a clear membrane around the oocyte called Zona Pellucida
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| How long does it take for a Graafian Follicle to mature? | 10 days of growth
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| What is the function of the Graafian Follicle? | ruptures and releases secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity
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| What are Secondary Oocyte surrounded by? | Zona Pellucid (consists of clear membranes) and Corona Radiata (consists of several layers of cells)
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| What is Corpus Luteum? | Glandular structure that secretes progesterone & estrogen.
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| What happens when Corpus Albicans degenerates? | consists of scar tissue and hormone output cases
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| What is the Infundibulum? | The end of a fallopian tube. Which is surrounded by Fimbriae (finger like substances)
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| What is the Fundus? | upper, bulging surface of uterus
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| What is the Body? | large main portion of uterus
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| What is the Cervix? | lower narrow region of the uterus that projects into the vagina
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| What is the Internal os? | opening of the uterus between the body and cervix
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| What is the External os? | opening of the uterus from the cervix into the vagina
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| What are Broad Ligaments? | holds uterus in place
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| What are the 3 layers of the Wall of the Uterus? | Perimetrium, Myometriu and Endometrium
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| What is Perimetrium? | Outer Serous Layer of Uterus
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| What is Myometrium? | Thick middle layer of uterus that is smooth muscle. Makes up the bulk of uterine wall
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| What is Endometrium? | Inner layer of uterus which consists of mucous membrane
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| List the two mucous membrane of the Endometrium | Stratum Functionale: portion sloughed off during menstrucation and 2. Stratum Basale: provides materials to rebuild stratum Functionale after menstruaction
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| Where is the vaginal orifice? | opening of the vagina to the outside
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| What is the Labia Majora? | two large fat filled folds of skin that enclose the other external genitalia
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| What is Mons Pubis? | rounded elevation of fat that overlies the pubis symphysis
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| What are the Labia Minora? | two smaller folds of skin medial to the labia majora
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| What is the Vestible? | area between the two labia minora
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| What is the clitorus? | small mass of erectile tissue located at anterior end of the vestibule.
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| What is the Prepuce? | fold of skin that covers the clitoris
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| What are the Paraurethral Glands? | open into vestible on each side of urethral orifice and secretes mucus
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| What are the Greater Vestibular Glands (Bartholins's glands)? | open into the vestible next to the vaginal orifice
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| What does the Hypothalamus secrete? | GnRH. It stimulates anterior pitituary to secrete FSH and small amounts of LH
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| What does the Anterior Pituitary secrete? | FSH which stimulates growth of the ovarial follicles and stimiulates estrogen production by ovaries
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| What is Luteinizing Hormone (LH)? | Stimulates ovulation to occur and stimulates production of progesterone and estrogen by ovaries
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| What do the ovaries secrete? | Estroge and Progesterone
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| What are the two monthly cyclic patterns? | Ovarian Cycle and Uterine (menstrual) cycle
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| What is Menarche? | first peiod of menstrual bleeding
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| What is triggered by secretion of GnRH by hypothalamus? | Follicular Phase
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| What is function of FSH? | stimulates growth of ovarial follicles and stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete increased amount of LH and a small amount of FSH)
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| What happens when there is a surge of LH? | stimulates resumption of meiosis in oocyte and causes rupture of mature (graafian) follice. The Oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity.
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| What are the 3 phases of Uterine cycle (menstrual)? | 1. Menstrual Phase, 2. Prolifertive Phase and 3. Secretory Phase
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| When does Menstrual Phase begin? | on the first day of the cycle. Stratum Functionale (outer layer of endometrium) detaches from uterine wall, passes thru vagina: menstrual flow and during this time follicles are growing in ovary
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| When does Prolifertive Phase begin? | with the end of the menstrual phase. Lasts about 8 days
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| In the Proliferative Phase, what is secreted by growing follicles in Ovary? | Estrogen which stimulates repair of endometrium
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| When does ovulation occur? | After Proliferative Phase when the endometrium thickens, glands develop and blood vessels grow
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| When is the Secretory Phase? | When Progesterone is secreted by Corpus Luteum. This stimulates continued growth and thickening of endometrium
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| What do glands secrete? | glycogen to nourish a developing embryo if fertilization occurs
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| What if fertiziation does not occur? | Corpus Luteum degenerates and causes menstruation to occur
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| Where do the first changes occur in the ovary during menopause? | in the Ovary
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| Where are the Mammary Glands located? | located in the breast: overyling the pectoralis major muscles
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| How many lobes of grandular tissue in each breast? | 15-20
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| What helps to support the breasts? | Connective Tissue
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| What determines the size and shape of breasts? | Adipose Tissue
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| What does each lobe consist of? | glandular units
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| What is the function of Lactiferous Duct? | collects milk from the lobules and carries it to nipple
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| What is Lactiferous Sinus (Ampullla) | Formed when laciferous duct enlarges. Serves as a reservoir for milk
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| At puberty what does Estrogen stimulate? | development of glandular tissue and causes breast to increase in size
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| At puberty what does Progesterone stimulate? | Development of Duct System
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| During pregnancy what does estrogen and progesterone enhance? | development of mammary glands
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| What is the function of Prolactin? | stimulates production of milk within the glandular tissue
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| What is the function of Oxytocin? | causes ejection of milk from the glands
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