Blood
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| -emia | Blood condition suffix
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| leukemia | Increase number of cancerous white blood cells Leukocytes
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| septicemia | Blood infections result when pathogens enter the blood from a wound (sepsis)
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| Bacteremia | BACTERIAL invasion of blood with or without symptoms.
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| Root word for: Veins | Phleb/o, Ven/o (root word for)
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| Root word for: Venules | Venu/o (root word)
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| Root word for: Heart | Cardi/o, Coron/o (root word)
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| Root word for: Aorta | Aort/o (root word)
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| Root word for: Arteries | Arteri/o (root word)
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| ______ blood vessels contain blood that is rich in Oxygen. | RED BLOOD VESSELS
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| ______ blood vessels contain blood that is oxygen poor. | BLUE BLOOD VESSELS (ex. cyanosis, Blue O2 def)
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| Root word: Red | Erythr/o (root word)
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| What shape is an erythrocyte? | Biconcave (like a cough drop)
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| Hematoma is what? | a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or in an organ often as a result of trauma, a bruise, a "black & blue"
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| -osis is a suffix for | condition, abnormal condition
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| -pathy is a suffix for | disease condition
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| von Willebrand disease | Inherited blood disorder marked by abnormally slow blood clotting; caused by deficiency in a blood clotting factor (Factor VIII 8)
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| Blood Bank Technologist | specialist who collects, types, and prepares blood and its components for xfusions & lab tests
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| Clincial Laboratory Technologist (CLT) | Specialist who performs tests to examine and anlyze body fluids, tissues, and cells.
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| Bilirubin | part of hemoglobin, yellow bile pigment, becomes bile from the gallbladder & liver breaks down the fat (Baby's get Vitamin K injection & photogenic therapy (color vest)
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| Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) level | BUN Level - Measurement of the amount of urea (nitrogen contaniing waste material) in serum. A high level indicates poor kidney function, (because kidney's job is to remove urea from the bloodstream and filter it into urine).
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| Carbon Dioxide (Co2) level | Blood test that measures all forms of carbon diaoxide (gas produced by cells and elimated by the lungs) in blood.
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| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) level | This test monitors the response of patients to cancer treatment colon/pancreas. A plasma test for a protein normally found in the blood of human fetuses & produced heathly adults only in a small amount.
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| Hemoglobin (define & function) | Proten in red blood cells (erythocytes) that helps carry oxigen in the blood.
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| SubUngual Hematoma | blood under the nail (finger or toe)
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| Three functions of Blood | 1) Primary transportation medium which provides cells with nutrients & O2 (2) Xports CO2 & Removes metablolic waste (from lungs to kidneys via respiration and filtration)Carries Hormones from endrocrine to target tissues
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| Blood is what kind of tissue | Liquid connective tissue
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| Amount of blood the average female has | Female 4.5 Liters
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| Amount of blood the average male has | Male 5-6 Liters
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| Why do men have more blood | Men have more muscle mass & needs more blood to nurish & Oxygenate to support a larger skeletal system.
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| Blood does what for the endrocrine system | carries hormones througout the body to the targeted tissues
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| What things does blood regulate? | Regulates Body Temp,(heat from skeletal muscles to other regions & to skin to dissapate) Fluid & Electroylyte Balance, & PH regulation
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| Name some Electrolytes | Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Chloride (C1), Bicarbonate (HCO), Phosphate (PO)
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| What do Electrolytes do? | Assists body to bring back into Homeostatis, Lets certain things in/out, opens/closes little doors to let things into cells.
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| What is DeHydration? | Lack of Fluid in cells/outside of cells & tissues.
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| Name a way that blood "protects" | blood has clotting mechanisms; preventing fluid loss thru hermorrage (clotting plugs).
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| Percentage of Plasma in the blood | 55% of the blood volume
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| Percentage of RBC in the blood | 45% pf blood volume
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| What is the Buffy Coat? | consists of WBC & platelets (fighter cells), Forms the white layer between Plasma & RBCs
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| Describe the connection between Antibodies and the Immune System | Antibodies in the plasma (protect against disease) they are little signal carriers to attack & get rid of infection (antigens & bacteria). they latch on to and eat the invader (b-Cells) T-Cells)
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| Plasma consists of: | 90% water H2O & 10% misc chemicals
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| DeOxyhemoglobin | When O2 diffused into tissues, dark red in color (almost purple)
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| What is a Negative Feedback Mechanism by the Body? | constant events in which the body reacts in order to maintain homeostatis (ex. very cold outside, wearing a coat, body temp drops, shivering, produces heat)
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| What is a Positive Feedback Mechanism by the Body? | Body's attempt to bring back to homeostasis in response to an event that has a beginning and an end,(ex. bleeding & clotting, healing)
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| Erythopoetin | Hormone that stimulates RBCs, produced in the liver secreted also to the kidneys (REF) Renal Erythropoetin)
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| What elements are needed for RBCs? | Iron, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid
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| Anemia is: | Lack of RBCs, absence of blood
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| Intrinsic Factor does what | enables absorption of B12 (it is produced in the stomach).
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| Give some examples of iron rich foods: | Leafy Greens, Kale, Black Beans, Spinach
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| What happens if the Intrinsic Factor isn't allowing B12 to be absorbed | Results in PERNICIOUS ANEMA (white skin, pale, cold extremities)
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| Average Life Span of a RBC | aprox 120 days
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| How many RBCs replaced in a second | 2 Million RBCs replaced/second
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| Name three types of Anemia | Aplastic, Pernicious, Sickle Cell (Anemia)
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| Shape and action of Sickle Cells | Shaped like a S or half moon,can't carry enough oxygen, very painful, (not round) and stick or clump in the blood stream (genetic trait)
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| What does the HIV Virus do to us? | HIV attacks the lymphocytes (T-cells) and depletes the immune system, open to infection
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| Compare WBC to RBC WBC size and volume | WBCs are larger than RBCs, there are less of them than RBCs 4,500 to 11,000 cells
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| T/F WBC do not lose their nucleus | True
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| What is the difference between grandular and non-grandular WBCs | Granuels are small particles that help identify appearance for identification
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| Pertussis | whooping cough
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| Neutrophils facts | 50% - 70% of WBCs, first to respond to tissue damage Injury, Increase during acute infection, the engulf bacteria (form wall)
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| Eosinophil facts | Neutralizes histamines & destroy paracitic worms
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| Basophil facts | 0-1% of WBCs, S-shaped, Secrete Histamine, dialates blood vessels (to injured area) (heparin inhibits blood clots)
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| Thrombosytes facts | Platlets, Plugs the hole at the site of the injury, RANGE 150,000 -> 500,000, Devlpd from Red Bone Marrow, they go to the site of the injury and stick together, Triggers Reactions to Mnimize Blood Loss)
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| Hemo/Stat | Stoppage of Bleeding, vascular constriction, Platlet plug formation, coagulation
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| Where is smooth muscle found in the body? | "Tube Like" areas: esphoagus, intestines, stomach, veins/arteries
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| How do platlets move through the body during homeostasis vs. injury? | Normally platlets move freely unless they are reacting to an injury, then they stick together when forming a plug "mesh"
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| What is coagulation | Formation of a Clot
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| What is Anticoagulation? | Factors that INHIBIT blood clotting
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| What is a ProCoagulant? | Factors in the blood that promote clotting
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| Steps in body's reaction to an injury for scab forming and healing (Fibrinolysis) | ProThrombin Activator->Thrombin-> Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
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| Why does blood have different types? | Antigens (A, B, AB, O)
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| Why does blood have positive & negative distinctions? | Antibodies (RH factor - rhyesis monkey)
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| Type A blood has what antigent | A only
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| Type B blood has what antigen | B only
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| Type AB blood has what antigen | Both A and B
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| Type O blood has what antigen | none (neither a nor b)
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| Type A blood has what Antibodies? | B Antibodies in the plasma
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| Type B blood has what Antibodies | A Antibodies in the plasma
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| Type AB blood has what Antibodies | No Antibodies in the plasma
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| Type O blood has what antibodies | BOTH A & B Antibodies in the plasma
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| Universal Blood RECIPIENT has what blood type | AB+
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| Universal blood DONOR has what blood type | O-
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| What is the composition of blood (what makes up blood)? | Plasma 55%, RBC 45%, Buffy Coat (wbc & platlets)
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| What percentage of water makes up plasma | 90%
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| Name 3 Plasma Proteins | Albumins 60%, Globulins 36%, Fibrinogen 4%
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| Albumin facts | Plasma Protein 60%, produced in the liver, plays a role in maintaining fluid balance osmotic
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| Globulins facts | Plasma protein 36%, 3 Types- Alpha & Beta produced in the liver, which xports lips fat-soluble vitamins in blood & GAMMA Globulins - produced in lymphoid tissue -> antibodies that function in immunity
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| Fibrinogen facts | plasma protein 4%, produced in the liver, forms the foundation of the clot, when done in a test tube remaining liquid is a SERUM
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| Formed Elements | RBCs, WBCs, Thrombocytes, Hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)
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| What is a HEMOCYTOBLAST | Stem Cell in the bone marrow from which the 7 different cells lines develop
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| What is a RETICULOCYTE | Immature RBC erythrocyte
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| ERYTHROCYTE characteristics | Most numerous, F=4-5.5; M=4.5-6.2 million RBCs, Mature RBC no nucleus (anucleate)dev from red bone marrow, Xports 02 and lesser extend CO2
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| Hemoglobin characteristics | 1/3 of each RBC, 2 parts: Heme: pigment contains Iron and Globin: protein
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| Erythropoietic factor | stimulates RBC production
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| Intrinsic Factor | Produced by the stomach, Needed for absorption of B12 in intestine, (if not absorbed results in Pernicious Anemia)
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| Pernicious Anemia | Result of B12 not being absorbed into the intestines (Intrisic Factor)
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| Destruction of Erythrocyte (RBC) | 120 days, fragile membrane, Macrophages eat them, replaced w/equal amnt, 2 Million/second, Hemoglobin seperates
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| Diapedesis (WBC) | WBCs moving through capillary walls into tissue spaces
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| Types of WBCs (leukocytes)5 | Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Thrombocytes
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| Neutrophils | first WBC to respond to tissue damage (injury) 50-70%
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| Eosinophils | Neutralizes Histamines, destroys paracitic worms
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| Basophils | S-Shaped, Secretes histamine & Heparin
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| Histamines do what | Dialates blood vessels, increases blood flow to damaged tissues, dilates blood vessels in allergic reactions
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| Heparin does what | inhibits blood clot formation
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| Lymphocytes do what | Produces antibodies, they increase with certain VIRAL Diseases: mono, mumps, chixpox,rubella, viral hep
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| Monocytes do what | Largest of WBCs, U-shaped nucleus,macrophages are Monocytes that leave the blood & enter the tissues,
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| Macrophages do what | they are monocytes that leave the blood & enter the tissues, Engulf bacteria and cellular debris, Finish clean up process started by neutrophils
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| Thrombocytes do what (also called what) | Platlets, they close the breaks in blood vessels, they become sticky and clump together to form platlet plugs, they intiate formation of blood clots
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| Hemostasis | the stoppage of bleeding, 3 processes: Vascular Constriction, Platlet Plug Formation, Coagulation
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| Vascular Constriction | first response to blood vessel injury, contracts smooth muscle in vessel walls (constriction), lasts only a few minutes, secrete a chemical: SEROTONIN
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| Prothrombin Activator | first stage in clotting process - response to injury (tissue damage)
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| RH factors: which is more prevalent positive or negative | 85% are positive
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| Pulmonary Vessels transport from | Right Ventricle to LUNGS and back to Left Atrium
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| Systemic Vessels carry blood from | Left Ventricle to all parts of the body then return it to Right Atrium
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| Arterioles | microscopic arteries
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| Artery Wall consists of: | Tunic Externa, Tunic Media, Tunic Intimia
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| Why do Arteries have higher pressure? | They carry O2 to tissue organs
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| Capillaries characterists | RBCs must go single file, Smallest & most numerous of the blood vessels, form a connection to Vessels that carry blood away from the heart (ARTERIES) and Vessels that return blood to the heart (VEINS)
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| Vessles that Carry blood TO the Heart | VEINS
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| Vessles that Carry blood AWAY from the heart | ARTERIES
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| Why are capillary walls thin | to allow exchange of materials between the blood in the capillary & adjacent tissue cells
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| Veins characteristics | Carry blood TOWARD the heart, have venous (lower pressure due to one way) valves, can hold more blood 70% of blood volume, have 3 layers, but less smooth muscle & conn tissue making vein walls thinner and less rigid than arteries.
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| Pulmonary Circuit (circulatory pathways) | Xports blood from Right side of the heart to the lungs (then returns it to the left side of the heart), Poor 02,
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| Systemic Circuit (circulatory pathways) | Provides blood supply to all body tissues, Carries 02 & nutrients to cells, picks up C02 & waste products, Carries 02 blood FROM Left Ventricle thru arteries to the caps in the tissues, from tissue caps, de02 blood returns thru system of Veins to R atrium
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