vocab
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| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese mariner; first European to reach India by sea in 1498.
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| Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator in the service of Aragon and Castile; sailed west to find a route to India and instead discovered the Americas in 1492.
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| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese captain in Spanish service; began the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1519; died during voyage; allowed Spain to claim possession of the Philippines.
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| East India Companies | British, French, and Dutch trading companies that obtained government monopolies of trade to India and Asia; acted independently in their regions.
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| World economy | Created by Europeans during the late 16th century; based on control of the seas; established an international exchange of foods, diseases, and manufactured products.
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| Columbian Exchange | Interaction between Europe and the Americas; millions of Native Americans died of new diseases; new world crops spread to other world regions; European and Asian animals came to the Americas.
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| Lepanto | Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims.
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| Core nations | Nations, usually European, that profited from the world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services; exported manufactured goods and imported raw materials.
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| Dependent economic zones | Regions within the world economy that produced raw materials; dependent on European markets and shipping; tendency to build systems based on forced and cheap labor.
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| Vasco de Balboa | Began first Spanish settlement on Mesoamerican mainland in 1509.
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| New France | French colonies in Canada and elsewhere; extended along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes and down into the Mississippi River valley system.
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| Atlantic colonies | British colonies in North America along Atlantic coast from New England to Georgia.
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| Treaty of Paris | Concluded in 1763 after the Seven Years War; Britain gained New France and ended France’s importance in India.
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| Cape Colony | Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 to provide a coastal station for Dutch ships traveling to and from the East Indies; settlers expanded and fought with Bantu and other Africans.
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| Boers | Dutch and other European settlers in Cape Colony before 19th-century British occupation; later called Afrikaners.
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| Calcutta | British East India Company headquarters in Bengal; captured in 1756 by Indians; later became administrative center for populous Bengal.
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| Seven Years War | Fought in Europe, Africa, and Asia between 1756 and 1763; the first worldwide war.
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| Cape of Good Hope | Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India.
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| Mercantilism | Economic theory that stressed governments’ promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.
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| Mestizos | People of mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system.
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| Francisco Pizarro | Led conquest of Inca Empire beginning in 1535; by 1540, most of Inca possessions fell to Spanish.
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| John Locke | (1632 – 1704) English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants.
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| William Shakespeare | (1564 – 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet
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