Heart
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| apex | pointed end of heart
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| base | Top of heart. Has several large vessels attached to it
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| pericardium | loose-fitting double-layered sac that encloses the heart
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| parietal pericardium | serous membrane that lines pericardium
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| visceral pericardium | parietal pericardium reflects onto the surface of the heart to form the visceral pericardium. (Also called the epicardium)
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| pericardial cavity | small space between the parietal & visceral layers of pericardium
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| epicardium | outer layer of heart wall. It's a thin protective layer that is firmly anchored to the underlying muscle
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| myocardium | thick middle layer. It forms the bulk of heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue
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| endocardium | smooth inner lining of heart. It permits the blood to move through heart
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| Where do the two atria chambers receive blood from? | veins
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| What does the right atrium receive from the superior vena cava? | receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava
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| Where does the superior vena cava return blood to heart? | from the head, neck and upper extremities
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| Where does the inferior vena cava return blood to the heart from? | returns blood to the heart from the thorax, abdomen & pelvis & lower extremities
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| What is the interatrial septum | partition that separates the R&L atria
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| What is the function of the right ventricle? | receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it out to the lungs
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| What is the function of the left ventricle? | receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it out to the tissue of the whole body
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| What is the interventricular septum? | thick muscular partition that separates the R&L ventricles
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| Where are atrioventricular valves (AV)located? (the Triscupid & Mitral Valves) | Valves between the atria and ventricles
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| Where are the semilunar valves (SV) located? | at the base of the large vessels leaving the ventricles
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| what is the function of the AV valves? (the tricuspid & mitral valves) | they permit the flow of blood from the atria into the corresponding ventricle. They also prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria
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| What are the Cusps made of? | fibrous connective tissue ring and double folds of endocardium
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| chordae tendinease | tissue strings that attach the valve cusps and the papillary muscles in the ventricles
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| Where is the Biscuspid valve (mitral valve) located? | AV valves between the left atrium and left ventricle. Two cusps
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| Where are SL valves located? | at the base of the large vessels that carry blood from the ventricles
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| Where is the pulmonary SL valve located? | valve at the exit of the right ventricle in the base of the pulmonary truck
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| Where is the aortic SL valve located? | at the exit of the left ventricle in the base of the ascending aorta
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| What is pulmonary circulation? | when the "right pump" pumps the blood to the lungs
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| What is systemic circulation? | when the "left pump" pumps blood to the rest of the body
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| What are the two main coronary arteries called? | Right and Left Coronary Arteries
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| Where are the coronary arteries located? | branch from the ascending aorta just distal to the aortic SL valve
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| When is the bloodflow to the coronary arteries the greatest? | when the myocardium is relaxed
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| What reduces the flow to the coronary arteries? | when the ventricles contract, they compress the arteries which reduce the flow
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| What is the function of the heart? | to pump blood to lungs through pulmonary circulation and pump blood to the rest of the body through systematic circulation
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| Where is the sinoatrial node (SA) located? | in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava
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| What is the function of the sinoatrial node (SA node)? | rhythmically initiates impulses 70-80 times per minute
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| Nickname for SA node? | Pacemaker of the heart
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| Where is the Atrioventricular node (AV node) located? | in the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum
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| What is the function of the AV node? | conducts impulses more slowly than other parts of the conduction system, so there is a brief time delay as the impulses travel through the node
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| Why is there a delay as the impulses travel through the AV node? | it allows for the atria to finish their contraction phase before the ventricles begin contracting
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| What does the AV Bundle consist of? | Atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches and conduction myofibers
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| What is another name for the AV bundle? | Bundle of His
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| Where are the bundle branches located? | they extend along the right and left sides of the interventricular septum to the apex
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| What forms conduction myofibers? | bundle branches branch profusely
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| What is the Cardiac Cycle? | the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers during one heartbeat
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| What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle called? | systole
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| What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle? | diastole
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| Where is the atrioventricular valve located? | valve between an atrium and a ventricle in heart
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| What is the cardiac cycle | a complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles.
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| What are conduction myofibers | cardiac muscle cells specialized for conducting action potentials to the myocardium. Also called pukinje fibers
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| What is diapedesis | process by which white blood cells squeeze between the cells in a vessel wall to enter the tissue spaces outside the blood vessel
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| What is erythropoiesis | process of red blood cell formation
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| What is erythropoietin | hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
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| What is hemocytoblast | a stem cell in the bone marrow from which the blood cells arise
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| What is hematopoiesis | blood cell production which occurs in the red bone marrow
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| Where is the semilunar valve located and what does it do? | valve between a ventricle of the heart and the vessel that carries blood away from the ventricle.
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