AP Chapter 8 Upshur
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| The Golden Age is Islam at the Abbasid court in Baghdad took place during the | eighth and ninth centuries.
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| The fabled city of The Tales of The Arabian Nights was | Baghdad.
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| An element common to the decline of both the Abbasid and the Roman empires was | the prevalence of mercenaries in the military.
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| The international trade of the Abbasid Empire was conducted mainly with | the Far East.
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| Baghdad first became a symbol for the glories of the Muslim dominions when | emissaries sent by Charlemagne returned with stories about the untold wealth of the city.
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| By the ninth and tenth centuries, the once mighty Abbasid Caliphate was showing signs of decay. A major problem was | By the ninth and tenth centuries, the once mighty Abbasid Caliphate was showing signs of decay. A major problem was
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| This area was never under the direct rule of the Abbasid caliphate. | Morocco
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| The Umayyad Empire was centered on | Spain.
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| established free schools and libraries. | The Umayyad Empire
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| The Nasrid kingdom was located around | Granada.
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| Al-Cid was a | Spanish Christian hero.
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| Spain after Christian leaders defeated the Muslims | Muslims and Jews either converted or fled to the relative safety of Muslim dominated territories in Africa or the eastern Mediterranean., A massive exodus of skilled craftspeople and merchants impoverished Spain.
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| The Muslim "renaissance man" who wrote on subjects as diverse as Aristotle, medicine and astronomy was | Ibn Rushd.
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| preserved both the Greek traditions and Persian and Indian texts. | Islamic scientists
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| studied and enlarged upon Indian traditions of numerical reckoning, including the concept of zero. | Arab mathematicians
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| were especially advanced in the development of navigational devices such as the astrolabe., made substantial progress in the study of optics. | Arab scholars
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| knew the works of Indian and Persian scientists., knew the works of Greek scientists., were particularly influenced by Ptolemaic theories of the solar system. | Arabic astronomers
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| became so famous that an Iraqi doctor even traveled to Egypt to hear him lecture. | Rabbi Musa bin Maymun
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| Its goal to turn base metals into valuable gold or silver., It fascinated both Muslims and Europeans in the Middle Ages., It proved to be a scientific dead-end., Through it, Islamic scientists gained experience in chemical experimentation and observation. | alchemy
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| tower for calling the faithful to prayer. | A minaret
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| has a huge central courtyard, second only in size to the courtyard surrounding the Ka'bah in Mecca. | The Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo
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| has a highly sophisticated systems of water fountains, gardens, and ornate salons. | The al-Hambra or Red Castle
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| flowing cadences and style of the Qur'an both prose and poetry., Poets lavish court patronage by Umayyads and the Abbasids., employed to glorify conquests or to vilify political opponents of Caliphs or military leaders., Love poems were extremely popular. | early Muslim literature
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| adopted the motto "Live honorably or die heroically." | The poet al-Mutanabbi
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| fused with the musical traditions of the Byzantines, the Syrians, and other eastern empires., Both the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphs were known for their patronage of musicians., It stressed melodies with complex nuances and ornamentation. , | Arabic music
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| Pottery was well-known for its sophisticated glazes., used geometric patterns and "Arabesques," ornate designs of plant forms in interlaced patterns., Calligraphy was a highly prized skill amply rewarded by court patrons. | Muslim art
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| The pope who called for the first Crusade was | surprised by the tremendous response to his call.
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| called on Christians to unite and attack the Muslim "infidel." | In 1095, Pope Urban II
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| Pope hoped to unite the eastern Mediterranean and the divided Christian west , The Byzantine Empire buffer between the Muslim east and the Catholic west., Seljuk Turks no longer able to ensure the safety of the Christian pilgrims visiting the Holy sites. | the Crusades
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| In the 700s C.E. the education of children was primarily the responsibility of | parents.
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| The First Crusade began in | 1096.
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| Religious-political schisms within the Islamic Empire in the tenth and eleventh centuries had undermined its strength, The Abbasid caliphs' power had largely been usurped by rival Turkish and Iranian forces, | Muslim/Arab world at the beginning of the period of the Crusades
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| Under the atabeg system, slave-tutors to the royal princes rose to key positions and often overthrew their former masters, The atabegs and Turkish mercenaries joined forces to take control from the Abbasid rulers | Muslim/Arab world at the beginning of the period of the Crusades
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| had conquered Egypt and southern Syria by 969. | The Fatimid Caliphate
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| economic strength derived from the sale of farm products and gold to European merchants., built the oldest active university in the world., made Cairo a great cultural center., built many mosques and public works. | the Fatimids
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| The Mamluk rebellion hastened the collapse of the dynasty of the | Fatimids.
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| The Crusader states were located chiefly in | Palestine and Syria.
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| the ruling barons organized their states into feudal domains based on familiar European patterns., built imposing European-style fortresses or castles., the European feudal system was superimposed upon the existing Arab village system. | the Middle East controlled by the Crusaders
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| The major financial beneficiaries of the Crusades were the | Italian city states.
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| Egypt emerged from Fatimid domination and united with other Muslim areas against the Crusaders through the efforts of | Salah ed-Din (Saladin).
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| ended any chance of Crusader expansion into the heartland of the Arab world. | Battle of Hittin (1187)
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| included Richard the Lion-Hearted as one of its leaders. | The Third Crusade
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| The short-lived Latin Empire of Constantinople occurred during the | thirteenth century.
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| The last Crusader territory to fall was | Acre in 1291.
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| introduction of Europeans new foods n luxury items, silks brocades, perfumes soaps., Italian traders establish direct trade w Muslim world.Salah ed-Din encouraged trade, treaties between the Muslim states and the Crusaders ensured free passage of goods. | Among the cultural and commercial changes brought by the Crusades was
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| increased religious animosities between the Christian and Muslim worlds., fostered further religious disputes among Christians., Outraged by excesses and massacres inflicted by the Crusaders, many eastern Christians subsequently converted to Islam. | the Crusades
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| The Mongols began their path of conquest from | the north Asian steppes.
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| the areas conquered by Genghis Khan was | China., central Asia., Persia., Russia.
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| practiced unlimited polygyny., prescribed that an heir marry all his late father's wives except his own mother., religion consisted of worship of a great god and spirits, as interpreted by shamans. | the Mongols
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| empire of Genghis Khan did encompass | Korea., northern China., the Caspian Sea., most of the length of the Yellow River.
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| Heinrich Schliemann is most famous for discovering | Troy.
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| Temuchin was acclaimed as "Genghis Khan" in | 1203.
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| Genghis Khan succeeded in taking a walled town of the Hsi Hsia through the use of | cats and swallows.
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| Towns that resisted were razed and their people put to the sword., capital fell in 1215 and was systematically looted. | Genghis Khan's campaign against the Chin
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| was professional astrologer from a nomadic aristocratic clan. | Yeliu Ch'u-ts'ai
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| The farthest western movement of the Mongols under Genghis Kahn was | the Caucasus and the Crimean peninsula.
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| In being a military genius and a superb adapter and improver of existing practices, rather than an innovator, Genghis Khan was similar to | Alexander the Great.
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| regarded the empire he conquered as clan property, and the Mongol aristocracy formed its ruling class., supervised the invention of an alphabet for the Mongol language, based on the Turkic Uighur script., set up an efficient postal system. | As administrator and lawgiver, Genghis Khan
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| the provisions of the Mongol code known as the Yasa | religious toleration, exemption of clergy from taxation, the death penalty for adultery, the death penalty for killing animals in the Muslim manner
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| Among the lands invaded by Batu was | Hungary.
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| In 1260, Kubilai Khan abandoned Karakorum as the imperial capital of the Mongols and established his capital at | Peking.
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| Kubilai's base for his expedition against Japan, contributing ships and troops, was | Korea.
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| Kubilai's tribute-enrolling expedition was a costly failure | Java
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| A heretical Muslim sect that had menaced both Muslim rulers and the Crusaders. | Assassins
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| The battle at the Spring of Goliath in 1260 was a turning point in history because | the Mamluk rulers of Egypt shattered the spell of Mongol invincibility.
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| Kubilai Khan opened his court to outside influences. | Under the Pax Mongolica,
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| Kubilai Khan is most closely associated with the | Yuan dynasty.
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| In crowning himself emperor, Kubilai can be compared with | Charlemagne.
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| At the bottom of the class hierarchy in the Yuan Empire were | southern Chinese.
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| were easy to control and utterly dependent on their Mongol masters., were active in the international trade., could be used as scapegoats to divert Chinese anger from themselves. | reason Mongols favor Muslims
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| International trade flourished., The Mongol government fostered agricultural recovery, but did not allow the peasants to benefit., To most Chinese the Yuan era was a period of unprecedented degradation. | economic conditions in the Yuan Empire
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| protected Christians., befriended Muslims and Taoists., particularly favored Tibetan Buddhism., | Kubilai Khan's religious policies
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| In their love of strong alcoholic drinks, Mongols were akin to | Macedonians.
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| He was allied with the Golden Horde of southern Russia., Most of his subjects were Muslim Mongols., He died in 1256, aged eighty-four. | Hulagu
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| he renounced his vassalage to the great khan., he increasingly identified with the subject Persians. | conversion of the il-khan to Islam around 1300
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| benefitted from disunity among the Russian princes, who succumbed to the Mongol policy of divide and rule. | The Golden Horde
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| The integration of Mongols fully into Russian life was prevented in large part by the conversion of the Mongols to | Islam.
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| It was entirely landlocked., It was the home of mostly Turkish-speaking nomads., The khans drew substantial revenues from trade., It was surrounded by the three empires ruled by other branches of the Genghis clan. | Khanate of Chagatai
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| Timurlane invaded | Persia, Russia, India
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| Timurlane was the benefactor of | Samarkand.
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| a reduction of the population of China by half. | Among the effects of Mongol imperialism was
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| the forging of a national and racial consciousness among the Russian people., Russian fear of the "Yellow Peril.", the spread of the Turkish ethnic/linguistic group throughout west Asia. the collapse of Asian Christianity, both Nestorian and Catholic. | the effects of Mongol imperialism
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| an end of Arab dominance of the Muslim world., the elimination of Buddhism in central Asia., advances in the development of weaponry (e.g., gunpowder)., a revival of commercial and cultural exchange across Eurasia. | effects of Mongol imperialism
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| Baybars established alliances with potential enemies | Sicily, Seville, the Turks
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| practiced religious toleration. rulers intermarried with Persian or Turkish Muslims., | il-Khanid Dynasty
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| was written by Firdawzi. | The Shahnama
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| Persian poetry includes The Rubaiyat by | Omar Khayyam.
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| The Mamluk dynasties were centered in | Egypt.
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| The average reign of a Mamluk Sultan was | six years.
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| succeeded in driving the Crusaders out of the Syrian provinces., repel four major invasions by the Mongols., | Mamluks
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| at various times in his life he worked in Tunisia, Morocco, Granada, and Egypt., he was a native of Tunisia., he was sent as an emissary to negotiate with Pedro, the King of Castille. | Ibn Khaldun
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| The Turkish ghazis were adherents of | Sunni Islam.
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| guild-like organizations. | Akhis
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| Murad I captured the city of | Adrianople.
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| Constantinople fell in 1453 to | Mehmet II.
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| occurred in 1453., The Ottoman attackers used cannon, gunpowder, timbers, and bows and arrows., The actual siege lasted 54 days ., Most Byzantine citizens preferred the toleration of the Ottoman Muslims to the intolerance of the papacy. | conquest of Constantinople
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