BIO201 - CH 7 - Skeleton (axial & appendicular) - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado
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Skeleton accounts for __% of bone mass or about __ lbs. | 20%, 30 lbs
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Axial skeleton has __ bones & __ major regions. | 80, 3
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The axial skeleton supports __. | Head, neck, and trunk.
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The axial skeleton protects __. | Brain, spinal cord, & organs of thorax.
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What is the most complex of bony structures? | The Skull
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How many bones in the skull? | 22
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What 2 "bones" form the skull? | Cranium & facial bones
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Cranium | Enclose & protect brain & provide attachment sites for head & neck muscles.
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Facial bones - 5 functions | (1) Face framework, (2) cavities for sense organs, (3) openings for air & food, (4) secure teeth, (5) achor facial muscles.
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Most skull bones are __ bones. | Flat
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Which skull bone is not flat? | Mandible
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All bones of adult skull are firmly united by interlocking joints called __. | Sutures
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All bones of adult skull are firmly united by interlocking joints called __. | Saw-toothed or serrated
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Name the major skull sutures that connect crainial. | Coronal, sagittal, squamous & lambdoid sutures.
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The __ bones form the skull's anterior. | Facial Bones
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Cranium can be divided into a __ & __. | Vault & Base
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Calvaria | Cranium vault - forms superior, lateral & posterior skull & forehead.
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Cranial Base | "Floor" - forms skull's inferior.
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Cranial base is divided into 3 steps/fossae | Anterior, middle & posterior fossae.
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The brain sits snugly in the __. | Cranial Fossae
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The brain occupies the __ cavity. | Cranial cavity.
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Number of cranial nerves. | 12 pairs.
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Name the 8 cranial bones. | 2 parietal, 2 temporal, frontal occipital, sphenoid, & ethmoid.
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What is known as the bony "helmet"? | The Cranium.
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Why is the cranium self-bracing? | Curved superior - strong, though thin.
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Common name of the frontal squama. | Forehead.
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What bones lie under the eyebrows? | Supraorbital margins
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Which bone supports the frontal lobes? | Anterior cranial fossa.
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Which 2 terms are used interchangeably to indicate the entire group of cranial bones? | Cranial vault or calvaria.
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Parietal Bones | Curved, retangular form most of superior & lateral aspect of skull.
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Occiptal Bone | Forms most of skull's posterior & base.
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What bone forms walls of posterior cranial fossa? | Occipital Bone
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Where does the brain connect w/spinal cord? | Foramen Magnum
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The __ lines anchor many neck & back muscles. | Nuchal Lines.
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What marks the upper limit of the neck? | Superior nuchal line.
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Each temporal bone has 4 major areas? | Squamous, tympanic, mastoid & petrous regions.
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Cheekbone | Zygomatic Arch
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TMJ | Temporomandibular Joint
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Tympanic Region | Surrounds external ear canal.
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Where do tongue muscles attach? | Styloid process.
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Mastoid process is full of __. | Air cavities - the mastoid sinuses.
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Sphenoid Bone | Complex, butterfly-shaped, 3 proccess (greater/lesser wings & pterygoid) - secures brain w/in skull.
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What allows crainial nerves that control eye movements to enter orbit? | Superior orbital fissure.
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Facial nerves pass through __. | Foramen rotundum & foramen ovale.
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Most deeply situated bone of skull. | Ethmoid Bone
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Forms the roof of nasal cavities. | Cribriform Plates.
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Helps secure the brain to cranial cavity. | Crista Galli
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The Crista Galli | Triangular process to which the dura mater attaches & is secured to cranial cavity.
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The facial skeleton has __ bones. | 14 - maxillae (2), zygomatics (2), nasals (2), lacrimals (2), palatines (2), inferior conchae (2), mandible (1), & vomer (1).
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What anchors lower teeth? | Mandibular body
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Tooth sensation nerves enter through the __. | Mandibular foramina.
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The upper teeth are carried in their __. | Alveolar margins.
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What bone is the keystone of the facial skeleton? | The maxilla - forms anterior portion of hard palate.
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Orbits | Bony cavities in which eyes are encased & cushioned by fatty tissue.
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Nasal cavity is made of? | Bone & hyaline.
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Which 5 skull bones contain mucosa-lined, air-filled sinues? | Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & paired maxillary bones.
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Paranasal sinuses | Sinuses that cluster around the nasal cavity.
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Which sinuses enhance resonance of voice? | Paranasal Sinuses
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Hyoid Bone | Movable base for tongue - works w/larynx - unique as it is only bone that doesn't articulate w/another bone.
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How many bones in vertebrae? | 26 irregular bones.
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How many major divisions in vetebrae? | 5 Major
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Name the major divisions of vertebrae? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum & coccyx.
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What trick to use for remembering #'s of vertebrae? | Common meal times of 7am, noon, & 5pm.
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Scoliosis occurs where? | Lateral curvature in thoracic region.
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Kyphosis | Hunchback - dosally exaggerated thoracic curve.
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Lordosis | Swayback - accentuated lumbar curvature.
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Which region of vertebrae bears the most weight? | Lumbar region.
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Major supporting ligaments of vertebrae colum are? | Anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments.
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Anterior longitiudinal ligamentss | Prevents hyperextension of spine (too far back).
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Posterior longitudinal ligaments | Prevents hyperflexion (too far forward) of spine.
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Ligament flavum | Stretches as we bend forward, then recoils.
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2 Parts of intervertebral disc | (1) nuculeus pulposus & (2) anulus fibrosus
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Nucleus Pulposus | In vertebral disc - rubberball-like & gives discs its elasticity & compressibility.
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Anulus Fibrosus | Fibrocartilage that collars around nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc.
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What limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposus? | Anulus fibrosus
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What ruptures in a herniated disc? | Rupture of anulus fibrosus.
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Percutaneous laser disc decompression | Partial vaporization of herniated disc in outpatient setting.
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Successive vertebrae are joined where? | Both at their bodies and their articulated processes.
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The spinal nerves of the spinal cord pass through __. | Intervertebral foramina.
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3 Movements that can occur between vertebrae are? | (1) flexion & extension, (2) lateral flexion & (3) rotation.
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There are __ cervical vertebrae. | 7
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__ is not bifid & is much larger than other cervical vertebrae. | C7
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C7 | The landmark cervical vertebrae for counting.
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Which is the vertebra prominens of the cervical vertebrae? | C7
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Atlas | C1-just like atlas that supports the world (skull).
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What structural parts of the vertebra are sites of muscle attachment? | The spinous & transverse processes.
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Axis | C2-Has dens or odontoid process that is missing body of atlas.
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Dens | Pivot for rotation of atlas - missing part of C1 (atlas) that is found in c2.
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There are __ thoracic vertebrae. | 12
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All thoracic vertebrae articulate with the __. | Ribs
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The thoracic vertebrae __ in size from first to last. | Increase
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The __ of the thoracic vertebrae receive the heads of the ribs. | Demifacets
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There are __ lumbar vertebrae. | 5
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The body of cervical vertebrae are __. | Oval shaped.
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The body of thoracic vertebrae are __. | Heart-shaped
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The body of lumbar vertebrae are __. | Kidney-shpaed
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What prevents rotation of lumbar spine? | Orientation of facets - they lock the lumbar vertebrae together & provide stability.
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How many fused vertebrae in sacrum? | 5
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Last sacral vertebrae fails to fuse medially & results in gap/opening. | Sacral Hiatus
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The bony underpinnings of chest is the __. | Thoracic cage or bony thorax.
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The __ secure the ribs to the sternum. | Costal cartilages.
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Bony thorax protects __. | Vital organs of the thoracic cavity.
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Bony thorax supports __. | Shoulder girdles & upper limbs & provides attachment points for neck, back, chest, & shoulder muscles.
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The intercostal spaces between ribs are occupied by __ muscles. | Intercostal
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The sternum is fusion of which 3 bones? | Manubrium, body & xiphoid process.
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Manubrium | Top bone of sternum.
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Body of sternum | Midportion of sternum
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Xiphoid Process | End of sternum
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3 Anatomical landmarks of sternum. | Jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint
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Jugular notch in line with __. | Disc between 2nd & 3rd thoracic vertebrae - where left cartoid artery issues from aorta.
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Sternal angle in line with __. | Disc between L4&L5 - good to find 2nd rib for specific heart valves.
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Xiphisternal joint lies opposite of __. | T9
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There are __ pairs of ribs. | 12
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Which ribs are known as vertebrosternal ribs? | Rib pairs 1-7 - "The true ribs".
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Why are ribs 8-12 called false? | They lack actual attachment to the sternum.
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Vertebronchodral ribs | Ribs 8-10 - joins costal cartilage above it.
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Vertebral/Floating ribs | Ribs 11 & 12 - no anterior attachment.
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Vertebral/Floating ribs | Ribs 11 & 12 - no anterior attachment.
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Pectoral girdles attach __. | Upper limbs to the body trunk.
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Pelvic girdle secures the __. | Lower limbs.
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Pectoral girdle is also known as __. | Shoulder girdle.
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The pectoral girdle consists of __ & __. | Clavicle & scapula
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Clavicles | Collarbones - anchor muscles & act as braces - has sternal & acromial end.
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Scapulae | Shoulder blades - dorsal surface of rib cage between ribs 2 & 7.
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__ Separates bones form the framework of each upper limb. | 30
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Which nerve is responsible for "funny bone" sensation? | Ulnar nerve
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Antebrachium | Forearm
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Which bone forms elbow joint w/humerus? | Ulna
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Ulna | "Elbow" - makes up elbow w/humerus.
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Radius | "Rod" - major forearm bone contributing to wrist joint.
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When the __ moves, the hand moves also. | Radius
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Colle's fracture | Break in the distal end of the radius. Common when breaking a fall.
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Carpus | Wrist
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Metacarpus | Palm
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Carpals | 8 marble-sized short bones united by ligaments.
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Pnumonic to memorize carpals is? | Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home.
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How many metacarpal bones? | 5
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Which bones are known as knucles? | Metacarpal "heads".
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Metacarpal 1 | Thumb
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Each hand contains __ minature bones called phalanges. | 14
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Each finger has __ phalanges. | 3
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The thumb has no middle __. | Phalanx
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The pelvic girdle supports the __ of pelvis. | Visceral organs.
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The __ girdle is secured to axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments in the body. | Pelvic
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Os Coxae | Coxal bone - hip
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Bony Pelvis | Basin-like structure formed by hip bones, sacrum & coccyx.
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3 boundaries of hip bone are: | Ilium, ischium & pubis.
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ilium | "flank"
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The weight of body is transmitted from spine to pelvis through __. | Sacroiliac joint
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Ischium | "Hip" - posteroinferior part of hip bone.
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When we sit, the weight is born by the __. | Ischial tuberosities.
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What arch helps differentiate male & female pelves? | Pubic arch/subpubic angle.
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False pelvis | Part of abdomen really - supports abdominal viscera.
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True pelvis | Forms deep bowl containing pelvic organs.
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3 segments of lower limb are? | Thigh, leg & foot.
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Broken hip involves | Neck of the femur break.
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The patella is enclosed in which tendon? | Quadriceps
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The __ articulates w/femur to form knee joint. | Medial Tibia
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Tibia | "Shinbone" - 2nd only to femur for size.
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Medial bulge of ankle formed by __. | Medial malleolus.
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Fibula | Doesn't bear weight - muscles attach to
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Which bone forms bulge of ankle? | Lateral malleolus
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Pott's Fracture | Occurs at the distal end of fibula, tibia, or both. Common sports injury.
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What makes the foot pliable? | Segmentation
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Number of bones in tarsus. | 7
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Body weight is carried primarily in the foot by? | Talus (ankle) & calcaneus (heel bone).
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Name the 3 arches of the foot. | Medial, lateral, & transverse.
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Primary curvatures | Thoracic & sacral curvatures of an infant's spine arches like a 4-legged animal. Convex posteriorly.
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Secondary curvatures | Of infant - cervical & lumbar. Convex anteriorly.
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True "military posture" doesn't develop until __. | Adolescence.
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Primary curvatures | Thoracic & sacral curvatures
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Secondary curvatures | Cervical & lumbar
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True "military posture" doesn't develop until __. | Adolescence.
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There are __ curvatures to the spine and __ additional regions. | 3 curvatures, 2 additional regions
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Each of the spine curvations are characterized by its own unique type of __. | Vertebrae
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Each upper limb has __ bones. | 30
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The __ curvature becomes prominent when the baby holds up its head independently. | Cervical
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The __ curvature develops when the baby begins to walk. | Lumbar
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The __ sinuses are adjacent to middle ear cavity & at higher risk for infection from throat. | Mastoid sinuses
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All vertebra possess a body, __ & __. | Transverse process & vertebral foramen.
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Lordosis affects the __ vertebrae. | Lumbar
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The term "vertebrochondral ribs" refers to ribs that __. | Attach to each other before they attach to the sternum.
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The formen magnum goes through the __ bone. | Occipital bone
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The dens __ the axis. | Projects from
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The tubercule of a rib __ w/transverse process of vertebrae. | Articulates
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The most common fracture site of the humerous. | Surgical neck.
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Teh __ bones contain openings that allow tear ducts to pass. | Lacrimnal
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A temporal bone protrusion riddled w/sinuses is the __ process. | Mastoid
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Failure of maxillary bones causes __. | Cleft palate.
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Which cranial bones have coronal shaped sutures? | Parietal & frontal
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Which cranial bones have lambdoid shaped sutures? | Occipital & parietal
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Which cranial bones have sagittal shaped sutures? | R & L parietal bones
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Which cranial bones have squamous shaped sutures? | Temporal & parietal
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Allows the head to nod "yes"? | Atlas
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Thickest centrum w/short blunt spinous processes. | Lumbar vertebrae
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These bones have articular facets for ribs. | Thoracic vertebrae
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The fingers have 3 of these bones & the thumb only 2. | Phalanges
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Forearm bone that articulates w/most carpals. | Radius
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Only the __ vertebrae have transverse foramina. | Cervical
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The largest foramen in the body is the __. | Obrurator foramen.
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The smallest short bone in the hand is the __. | Pisiform
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The styloid process of the __ points to the thumb. | Radius
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The large fossa on the anterior aspect of the scapula. | Subscapular fossa
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Most posterior bone of the cranium. | Occipital
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