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Bio201-Ch7-Skeleton
BIO201 - CH 7 - Skeleton (axial & appendicular) - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeleton accounts for __% of bone mass or about __ lbs. | 20%, 30 lbs |
| Axial skeleton has __ bones & __ major regions. | 80, 3 |
| The axial skeleton supports __. | Head, neck, and trunk. |
| The axial skeleton protects __. | Brain, spinal cord, & organs of thorax. |
| What is the most complex of bony structures? | The Skull |
| How many bones in the skull? | 22 |
| What 2 "bones" form the skull? | Cranium & facial bones |
| Cranium | Enclose & protect brain & provide attachment sites for head & neck muscles. |
| Facial bones - 5 functions | (1) Face framework, (2) cavities for sense organs, (3) openings for air & food, (4) secure teeth, (5) achor facial muscles. |
| Most skull bones are __ bones. | Flat |
| Which skull bone is not flat? | Mandible |
| All bones of adult skull are firmly united by interlocking joints called __. | Sutures |
| All bones of adult skull are firmly united by interlocking joints called __. | Saw-toothed or serrated |
| Name the major skull sutures that connect crainial. | Coronal, sagittal, squamous & lambdoid sutures. |
| The __ bones form the skull's anterior. | Facial Bones |
| Cranium can be divided into a __ & __. | Vault & Base |
| Calvaria | Cranium vault - forms superior, lateral & posterior skull & forehead. |
| Cranial Base | "Floor" - forms skull's inferior. |
| Cranial base is divided into 3 steps/fossae | Anterior, middle & posterior fossae. |
| The brain sits snugly in the __. | Cranial Fossae |
| The brain occupies the __ cavity. | Cranial cavity. |
| Number of cranial nerves. | 12 pairs. |
| Name the 8 cranial bones. | 2 parietal, 2 temporal, frontal occipital, sphenoid, & ethmoid. |
| What is known as the bony "helmet"? | The Cranium. |
| Why is the cranium self-bracing? | Curved superior - strong, though thin. |
| Common name of the frontal squama. | Forehead. |
| What bones lie under the eyebrows? | Supraorbital margins |
| Which bone supports the frontal lobes? | Anterior cranial fossa. |
| Which 2 terms are used interchangeably to indicate the entire group of cranial bones? | Cranial vault or calvaria. |
| Parietal Bones | Curved, retangular form most of superior & lateral aspect of skull. |
| Occiptal Bone | Forms most of skull's posterior & base. |
| What bone forms walls of posterior cranial fossa? | Occipital Bone |
| Where does the brain connect w/spinal cord? | Foramen Magnum |
| The __ lines anchor many neck & back muscles. | Nuchal Lines. |
| What marks the upper limit of the neck? | Superior nuchal line. |
| Each temporal bone has 4 major areas? | Squamous, tympanic, mastoid & petrous regions. |
| Cheekbone | Zygomatic Arch |
| TMJ | Temporomandibular Joint |
| Tympanic Region | Surrounds external ear canal. |
| Where do tongue muscles attach? | Styloid process. |
| Mastoid process is full of __. | Air cavities - the mastoid sinuses. |
| Sphenoid Bone | Complex, butterfly-shaped, 3 proccess (greater/lesser wings & pterygoid) - secures brain w/in skull. |
| What allows crainial nerves that control eye movements to enter orbit? | Superior orbital fissure. |
| Facial nerves pass through __. | Foramen rotundum & foramen ovale. |
| Most deeply situated bone of skull. | Ethmoid Bone |
| Forms the roof of nasal cavities. | Cribriform Plates. |
| Helps secure the brain to cranial cavity. | Crista Galli |
| The Crista Galli | Triangular process to which the dura mater attaches & is secured to cranial cavity. |
| The facial skeleton has __ bones. | 14 - maxillae (2), zygomatics (2), nasals (2), lacrimals (2), palatines (2), inferior conchae (2), mandible (1), & vomer (1). |
| What anchors lower teeth? | Mandibular body |
| Tooth sensation nerves enter through the __. | Mandibular foramina. |
| The upper teeth are carried in their __. | Alveolar margins. |
| What bone is the keystone of the facial skeleton? | The maxilla - forms anterior portion of hard palate. |
| Orbits | Bony cavities in which eyes are encased & cushioned by fatty tissue. |
| Nasal cavity is made of? | Bone & hyaline. |
| Which 5 skull bones contain mucosa-lined, air-filled sinues? | Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & paired maxillary bones. |
| Paranasal sinuses | Sinuses that cluster around the nasal cavity. |
| Which sinuses enhance resonance of voice? | Paranasal Sinuses |
| Hyoid Bone | Movable base for tongue - works w/larynx - unique as it is only bone that doesn't articulate w/another bone. |
| How many bones in vertebrae? | 26 irregular bones. |
| How many major divisions in vetebrae? | 5 Major |
| Name the major divisions of vertebrae? | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum & coccyx. |
| What trick to use for remembering #'s of vertebrae? | Common meal times of 7am, noon, & 5pm. |
| Scoliosis occurs where? | Lateral curvature in thoracic region. |
| Kyphosis | Hunchback - dosally exaggerated thoracic curve. |
| Lordosis | Swayback - accentuated lumbar curvature. |
| Which region of vertebrae bears the most weight? | Lumbar region. |
| Major supporting ligaments of vertebrae colum are? | Anterior & posterior longitudinal ligaments. |
| Anterior longitiudinal ligamentss | Prevents hyperextension of spine (too far back). |
| Posterior longitudinal ligaments | Prevents hyperflexion (too far forward) of spine. |
| Ligament flavum | Stretches as we bend forward, then recoils. |
| 2 Parts of intervertebral disc | (1) nuculeus pulposus & (2) anulus fibrosus |
| Nucleus Pulposus | In vertebral disc - rubberball-like & gives discs its elasticity & compressibility. |
| Anulus Fibrosus | Fibrocartilage that collars around nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc. |
| What limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposus? | Anulus fibrosus |
| What ruptures in a herniated disc? | Rupture of anulus fibrosus. |
| Percutaneous laser disc decompression | Partial vaporization of herniated disc in outpatient setting. |
| Successive vertebrae are joined where? | Both at their bodies and their articulated processes. |
| The spinal nerves of the spinal cord pass through __. | Intervertebral foramina. |
| 3 Movements that can occur between vertebrae are? | (1) flexion & extension, (2) lateral flexion & (3) rotation. |
| There are __ cervical vertebrae. | 7 |
| __ is not bifid & is much larger than other cervical vertebrae. | C7 |
| C7 | The landmark cervical vertebrae for counting. |
| Which is the vertebra prominens of the cervical vertebrae? | C7 |
| Atlas | C1-just like atlas that supports the world (skull). |
| What structural parts of the vertebra are sites of muscle attachment? | The spinous & transverse processes. |
| Axis | C2-Has dens or odontoid process that is missing body of atlas. |
| Dens | Pivot for rotation of atlas - missing part of C1 (atlas) that is found in c2. |
| There are __ thoracic vertebrae. | 12 |
| All thoracic vertebrae articulate with the __. | Ribs |
| The thoracic vertebrae __ in size from first to last. | Increase |
| The __ of the thoracic vertebrae receive the heads of the ribs. | Demifacets |
| There are __ lumbar vertebrae. | 5 |
| The body of cervical vertebrae are __. | Oval shaped. |
| The body of thoracic vertebrae are __. | Heart-shaped |
| The body of lumbar vertebrae are __. | Kidney-shpaed |
| What prevents rotation of lumbar spine? | Orientation of facets - they lock the lumbar vertebrae together & provide stability. |
| How many fused vertebrae in sacrum? | 5 |
| Last sacral vertebrae fails to fuse medially & results in gap/opening. | Sacral Hiatus |
| The bony underpinnings of chest is the __. | Thoracic cage or bony thorax. |
| The __ secure the ribs to the sternum. | Costal cartilages. |
| Bony thorax protects __. | Vital organs of the thoracic cavity. |
| Bony thorax supports __. | Shoulder girdles & upper limbs & provides attachment points for neck, back, chest, & shoulder muscles. |
| The intercostal spaces between ribs are occupied by __ muscles. | Intercostal |
| The sternum is fusion of which 3 bones? | Manubrium, body & xiphoid process. |
| Manubrium | Top bone of sternum. |
| Body of sternum | Midportion of sternum |
| Xiphoid Process | End of sternum |
| 3 Anatomical landmarks of sternum. | Jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint |
| Jugular notch in line with __. | Disc between 2nd & 3rd thoracic vertebrae - where left cartoid artery issues from aorta. |
| Sternal angle in line with __. | Disc between L4&L5 - good to find 2nd rib for specific heart valves. |
| Xiphisternal joint lies opposite of __. | T9 |
| There are __ pairs of ribs. | 12 |
| Which ribs are known as vertebrosternal ribs? | Rib pairs 1-7 - "The true ribs". |
| Why are ribs 8-12 called false? | They lack actual attachment to the sternum. |
| Vertebronchodral ribs | Ribs 8-10 - joins costal cartilage above it. |
| Vertebral/Floating ribs | Ribs 11 & 12 - no anterior attachment. |
| Vertebral/Floating ribs | Ribs 11 & 12 - no anterior attachment. |
| Pectoral girdles attach __. | Upper limbs to the body trunk. |
| Pelvic girdle secures the __. | Lower limbs. |
| Pectoral girdle is also known as __. | Shoulder girdle. |
| The pectoral girdle consists of __ & __. | Clavicle & scapula |
| Clavicles | Collarbones - anchor muscles & act as braces - has sternal & acromial end. |
| Scapulae | Shoulder blades - dorsal surface of rib cage between ribs 2 & 7. |
| __ Separates bones form the framework of each upper limb. | 30 |
| Which nerve is responsible for "funny bone" sensation? | Ulnar nerve |
| Antebrachium | Forearm |
| Which bone forms elbow joint w/humerus? | Ulna |
| Ulna | "Elbow" - makes up elbow w/humerus. |
| Radius | "Rod" - major forearm bone contributing to wrist joint. |
| When the __ moves, the hand moves also. | Radius |
| Colle's fracture | Break in the distal end of the radius. Common when breaking a fall. |
| Carpus | Wrist |
| Metacarpus | Palm |
| Carpals | 8 marble-sized short bones united by ligaments. |
| Pnumonic to memorize carpals is? | Sally Left The Party To Take Cathy Home. |
| How many metacarpal bones? | 5 |
| Which bones are known as knucles? | Metacarpal "heads". |
| Metacarpal 1 | Thumb |
| Each hand contains __ minature bones called phalanges. | 14 |
| Each finger has __ phalanges. | 3 |
| The thumb has no middle __. | Phalanx |
| The pelvic girdle supports the __ of pelvis. | Visceral organs. |
| The __ girdle is secured to axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments in the body. | Pelvic |
| Os Coxae | Coxal bone - hip |
| Bony Pelvis | Basin-like structure formed by hip bones, sacrum & coccyx. |
| 3 boundaries of hip bone are: | Ilium, ischium & pubis. |
| ilium | "flank" |
| The weight of body is transmitted from spine to pelvis through __. | Sacroiliac joint |
| Ischium | "Hip" - posteroinferior part of hip bone. |
| When we sit, the weight is born by the __. | Ischial tuberosities. |
| What arch helps differentiate male & female pelves? | Pubic arch/subpubic angle. |
| False pelvis | Part of abdomen really - supports abdominal viscera. |
| True pelvis | Forms deep bowl containing pelvic organs. |
| 3 segments of lower limb are? | Thigh, leg & foot. |
| Broken hip involves | Neck of the femur break. |
| The patella is enclosed in which tendon? | Quadriceps |
| The __ articulates w/femur to form knee joint. | Medial Tibia |
| Tibia | "Shinbone" - 2nd only to femur for size. |
| Medial bulge of ankle formed by __. | Medial malleolus. |
| Fibula | Doesn't bear weight - muscles attach to |
| Which bone forms bulge of ankle? | Lateral malleolus |
| Pott's Fracture | Occurs at the distal end of fibula, tibia, or both. Common sports injury. |
| What makes the foot pliable? | Segmentation |
| Number of bones in tarsus. | 7 |
| Body weight is carried primarily in the foot by? | Talus (ankle) & calcaneus (heel bone). |
| Name the 3 arches of the foot. | Medial, lateral, & transverse. |
| Primary curvatures | Thoracic & sacral curvatures of an infant's spine arches like a 4-legged animal. Convex posteriorly. |
| Secondary curvatures | Of infant - cervical & lumbar. Convex anteriorly. |
| True "military posture" doesn't develop until __. | Adolescence. |
| Primary curvatures | Thoracic & sacral curvatures |
| Secondary curvatures | Cervical & lumbar |
| True "military posture" doesn't develop until __. | Adolescence. |
| There are __ curvatures to the spine and __ additional regions. | 3 curvatures, 2 additional regions |
| Each of the spine curvations are characterized by its own unique type of __. | Vertebrae |
| Each upper limb has __ bones. | 30 |
| The __ curvature becomes prominent when the baby holds up its head independently. | Cervical |
| The __ curvature develops when the baby begins to walk. | Lumbar |
| The __ sinuses are adjacent to middle ear cavity & at higher risk for infection from throat. | Mastoid sinuses |
| All vertebra possess a body, __ & __. | Transverse process & vertebral foramen. |
| Lordosis affects the __ vertebrae. | Lumbar |
| The term "vertebrochondral ribs" refers to ribs that __. | Attach to each other before they attach to the sternum. |
| The formen magnum goes through the __ bone. | Occipital bone |
| The dens __ the axis. | Projects from |
| The tubercule of a rib __ w/transverse process of vertebrae. | Articulates |
| The most common fracture site of the humerous. | Surgical neck. |
| Teh __ bones contain openings that allow tear ducts to pass. | Lacrimnal |
| A temporal bone protrusion riddled w/sinuses is the __ process. | Mastoid |
| Failure of maxillary bones causes __. | Cleft palate. |
| Which cranial bones have coronal shaped sutures? | Parietal & frontal |
| Which cranial bones have lambdoid shaped sutures? | Occipital & parietal |
| Which cranial bones have sagittal shaped sutures? | R & L parietal bones |
| Which cranial bones have squamous shaped sutures? | Temporal & parietal |
| Allows the head to nod "yes"? | Atlas |
| Thickest centrum w/short blunt spinous processes. | Lumbar vertebrae |
| These bones have articular facets for ribs. | Thoracic vertebrae |
| The fingers have 3 of these bones & the thumb only 2. | Phalanges |
| Forearm bone that articulates w/most carpals. | Radius |
| Only the __ vertebrae have transverse foramina. | Cervical |
| The largest foramen in the body is the __. | Obrurator foramen. |
| The smallest short bone in the hand is the __. | Pisiform |
| The styloid process of the __ points to the thumb. | Radius |
| The large fossa on the anterior aspect of the scapula. | Subscapular fossa |
| Most posterior bone of the cranium. | Occipital |
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