Medical Terminology Vocabulary Chapter 5
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| acetabulum | cup-shaped depression in the hip bone into which the top of the femur sits
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| acromion | part of the scapula that connects to the clavicle
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| amphiarthrosis | cartilaginous joint having some movement at the union of two bones
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| ankle | hinged area between the lower leg bones and the bones of the foot
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| articular cartilage | cartilage at a joint
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| articulation | point at which two bones join together to allow movement
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| atlas | first cervical vertebra
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| axis | second cervical vertebra
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| bone | hard connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body
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| bone head | upper, rounded end of a bone
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| bone phagocyte | bone cell that ingests dead bone and bone debris
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| bursa | sac lined with synovial membrane that fills the spaces between tendons and joints
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| calcaneus | heel bone
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| calcium | mineral important in the formation of bone
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| cancellous bone | spongy bone with a latticelike structure
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| cardiac muscle | striated involuntary muscle of the heart
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| carpus, carpal bone | wrist; wrist bone
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| cartilage | flexible connective tissue found in joints, fetal skeleton, and the lining of various parts of the body
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| cartilaginous disk | thick, circular mass of cartilage between the verebrae of the spinal column
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| cervical vertebrae | seven vertebrae of the spinal column located in the neck
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| clavicle | curved bone of the shoulder that joins to the scapula; collar bone
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| coccyx | small bone consisting of four fused vertebrae at the end of the spinal column; tailbone
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| compact bone | hard bone with a tightly woven structure
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| condyle | rounded surface at the end of a bone
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| crest | bony ridge
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| diaphysis | long middle section of a long bone; shaft
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| diarthroses | freely movable joints
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| disk | see cartilaginous disk
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| dorsal vertebrae | thoracic vertebrae
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| elbow | joint between the upper arm and the forearm
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| endosteum | lining of the medullary cavity
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| epiphyseal plate | cartilaginous tissue that is replaced during growth years, but eventually calcifies and disappears when growth stops
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| ethmoid bone | irregular bone of the face attached to the sphenoid bone
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| ethmoid sinuses | sinuses on both sides of the nasal cavities between each eye and the sphenoid sinus
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| fascia | sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses muscles
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| femur | long bone of the thigh
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| fibula | smallest long bone of the lower leg
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| fissure | deep furrow or slit
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| flat bones | thin, flattened bones that cover certain areas, as of the skull
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| fontanelle | soft, membranous section on top of an infant's skull
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| foramen | opening or perforation through a bone
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| foramen magnum | opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
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| fossa | depression, as in a bone
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| frontal bone | large bone of the skull that forms the top of the head and forehead
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| frontal sinuses | sinuses above the eyes
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| heel | back, rounded portion of the foot
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| humerus | long bone of the arm connecting to the scapula on top and the radius and ulna at the bottom
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| ilium | wide portion of the hip bone
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| insertion | point at which a muscle attaches to a movable bone
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| intervertebral disk | see cartilaginous disk
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| involuntary muscle | muscle not movable at will
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| irregular bones | any of a group of bones with a special shape to fit into certain areas of the skeleton, such as the skull
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| ischium | one of three fused bones that form the pelvic girdle
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| joint | place of joining between two or more bones
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| lacrimal bone | thin, flat bone of the face
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| lamina | thin, flat part of either side of the arch of a vertebra
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| ligament | sheet of fibrous tissue connecting and supporting bones; attaches bone to bone
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| long bone | any bone of the extremities with a shaft
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| lumbar vertebrae | five vertebrae of the lower back
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| malleolus | rounded protrusion of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle
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| mandible | u-shaped bone of the lower jaw
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| mandibular bone | mandible
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| marrow | connective tissue filling the medullary cavity, often rich in nutrients
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| mastoid process` | protrusion of the temporal bone that sits behind the ear
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| maxillary bone | bone of the upper jaw
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| maxillary sinus | sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes
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| medullary cavity | soft center cavity in bone that often holds marrow
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| metacarpal | one of five bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers
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| metaphysis | section of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis
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| metatarsal bones | bones of the foot between the instep (arch) and the toes
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| muscle | contractile tissue that plays a major role in the body movement
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| musculoskeletal system | system of the body including the muscles and skeleton
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| nasal bones | bones that form the bridge of the nose
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| nasal cavity | cavity on either side of the nasal septum
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| neural canal | space through which the spinal cord passes
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| nucleus pulposus | fibrous mass in the center portion of the intervertebral disk
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| occipital bone | bone that forms the lower back portion of the skull
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| olecranon | curved end of the ulna to which tendons of the arm muscles attach; bony prominence of the elbow
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| origin | point at which muscles attach to stationary bone
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| osseous tissue | connective tissue into which calcium salts are deposited
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| ossification | hardening into bone
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| osteoblast | cell that forms bone
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| osteoclast | large cell that reabsorbs and removes osseous tissue
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| osteocyte | bone cell
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| palatine bone | bone that helps form the hard palate and nasal cavity; located behind the maxillary bones
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| parietal bone | flat, curved bone on either side of the upper part of the skull
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| patella | large, sesamoid bone that forms the kneecap
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| pelvic cavity | cup-shaped cavity formed by the large bones of the pelvic girdle; contains female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, bladder, and rectum
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| pelvic girdle | hip bones
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| pelvis | cup-shaped ring of bone and ligaments at the base of the trunk
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| periosteum | fibrous membrane covering the surface of bone
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| phalanges | long bones of the fingers and toes
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| phosphorus | mineral important to the formation of bone
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| process | bony outgrowth or projection
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| pubes | anteroinferior portion of the hip bone
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| pubic symphysis | joint between the two public bones
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| radius | shorter bone of the forearm
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| rib | one of twenty-four bones that form the chest wall
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| sacrum | next-to-last spinal vertebra made up of five fused bones; vertebra that forms part of the pelvis
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| scapula | large flat bone that forms the shoulder blade
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| sella turcica | bony depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
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| sesamoid bone | bone formed in a tendon over a joint
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| shin | anterior ridge of the tibia
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| short bones | square-shaped bones with approximately equal dimensions on all sides
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| sinus | hollow cavity, especially either of two cavities on the sides of the nose
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| skeleton | bony framework of the body
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| smooth muscle | fibrous muscle of internal organs that acts involuntarily
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| sphenoid bone | bone that forms the base of the skull
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| sphenoid sinus | sinus above and behind the nose
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| spinal column | column of vertebrae at the posterior of the body, from the neck to the coccyx
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| spinous process | protrusion from the center of the vertebral arch
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| spongy bone | bone with an open latticework filled with connective tissue or marrow
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| sternum | long, flat bone that forms the midline of the anterior of the thorax
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| striated muscle | muscle with a ribbed appearance that is controlled at will
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| syloid process | peg-shaped protrusion from a bone
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| sulcus | groove or furrow in the surface of bone
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| suture | joining of two bone parts with a fibrous membrane
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| symphysis | type of cartilaginous joint uniting two bones
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| synarthrosis | fibrous joint with no movement
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| synovial fluid | fluid that serves to lubricate joints
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| synovial joint | a joint that moves
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| synovial membrane | connective tissue lining the cavity of joints and producing the synovial fluid
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| tarsus, tarsal bones | seven bones of the instep (arch of the foot)
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| temporal bone | large bone forming the base and sides of the skull
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| temporomandibular joint (TMJ) | joint of the lower jaw between the temporal bone and the mandible
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| tendon | fibrous band that connects muscle to bone or other structures
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| thoracic vertebrae | twelve vertebrae of the chest area
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| thorax | part of the trunk between the neck and the chest
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| tibia | larger of the two lower leg bones
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| transverse process | protrusion on either side of the vertebral arch
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| trochanter | bony protrusion at the upper end of the femur
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| true ribs | seven upper ribs of the chest that attach to the sternum
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| tubercle | slight bony elevation to which a ligamnet or muscle may be attahced
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| tuberosity | large elevation in the surface of a bone
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| ulna | larger bone of the forearm
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| vertebra | one of the bony segements of the spinal column
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| vertebral column | spinal column
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| visceral muscle | smooth muscle
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| vitamin D | vitamin important to the formation of bone
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| voluntary muscle | striated muscle
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| vomer | flat bone forming the nasal septum
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| zygomatic bone | bone that forms the cheek
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| arthrography | radiography of a joint
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| arthroscopy | examination with an instrument that explores the interior of a joint
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| bone scan | radiographic or nuclear medicine image of a bone
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| chiropractor | health care professional who works to align the spinal column so as to treat certain ailments
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| densitometer | device that measures bone density using light and x-rays
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| diskography | radiographic image of an intervertebral disk by injection of a contrast medium into the center of the disk
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| electromyogram | a graphic image of muscular action using electrical currents
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| goniometer | instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint
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| myelography | radiographic imaging of the spinal cord
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| orthopedist, orthopedic surgeon | physician that examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the musculoskeletal system
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| osteopath | physician who combines manipulative treatment with conventional therapeutic measures
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| podiatrist | medical specialist who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the foot
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| rheumatoid factor test | test used to detect rheumatoid arthritis
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| rheumatologist | physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the joints and muculoskeletal system
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| serum calcium | test for calcium in the blood
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| serum creatine phosphokinase | enzyme active in muscle contraction; usually phosphokinase is elevated after a myocardial infarction and in the presence of other degenerative muscle diseases
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| serum phosphorus | test for phosphorus in the blood
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| Tinel's sign | "pins and needles" sensation felt when an injured nerve site is tapped
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| uric acid test | test for acid content in urine; elevated levels may indicate gout
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| ankylosis | stiffening of a joint, especially as a result of disease
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| arthralgia | severe joint pain
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| arthritis | any of various conditions involving joint inflammation
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| atrophy | wasting away of tissue, organs, and cells, usually as a result of disease or loss of blood supply
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| bony necrosis | death of portions of bone
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| bunion | an inflamed bursa at the foot joint, between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone
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| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa
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| calcar | spur
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| carpal tunnel syndrome | pain and paresthesia in the hand due to repetitive motion injury of the median nerve
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| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage
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| closed fracture | fracture with no open skin wound
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| Colles' fracture | fracture of the lower end of the radius
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| comminuted fracture | fracture with shattered bones
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| complex fracture | fracture with part of the bone displaced
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| complicated fracture | fracture involving extensive soft tissue injury
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| compound fracture | fracture with an open skin wound; open fracture
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| compression fracture | fracture of one or more vertebrae caused by compressing of the space between the vertebrae
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| contracture | extreme resistance to the stretching of a muscle
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| crepitation, crepitus | noise made by rubbing together of bones
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| degenerative arthritis | arthritis with erosion of the cartilage
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| dislocation | movement of a joint out of its normal position as a result of an injury or sudden, strenuous movement
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| dystonia | abonormal tone in tissues
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| epiphysitis | inflammation of the epiphysis
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| exostosis | abnormal bone growth capped with cartilage
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| flaccid | without tone; relaxed
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| fracture | a break, especially in a bone
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| gouty arthritis, gout | inflammation of the joints, present in gout; usually caused by uric acid crystals
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| greenstick fracture | fracture with twisting or bending of the bone but not breaking; usually occurs in children
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| hairline fracture | fracture with no bone separation or fragmentation
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| herniated disk | protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the neural canal
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| hypertrophy | abnormal increase as in muscle size
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| hypotonia | abnormally reduced muscle tension
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| impacted fracture | fracture in which a fragment from one part of the fracture is driven into the tissue of another part
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| incomplete fracture | fracture that does not go entirely through a bone
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| kyphosis | abnormal posterior spine curvature
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| leiomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle
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| leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of smooth muscle
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| lordosis | abnormal anterior spine curvature resulting in a sway back
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| muscular dystrophy | progressive degenerative disorder affecting the musculoskeletal system and, later, other organs
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| myalgia | muscle pain
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| myeloma | bone marrow tumor
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| myodynia | muscle pain
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| myoma | benign muscle tumor
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| myositis | inflammation of a muscle
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| open fracture | fracture with an open skin wound; compound fracture
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| ostealgia | bone pain
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| osteoarthritis | arthritis with loss of cartilage
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| osteodynia | bone pain
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| osteoma | benign bone tumor, usually on the skull or mandible
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| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone
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| osteoporosis | degenerative thinning of bone
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| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of bone
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| pathological fracture | fracture occurring at the site of already damaged bone
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| phantom limb; phantom pain | pain felt in a paralyzed or amputated limb
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| physical therapy | movement therapy to restore use of damaged areas of the body
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| podagra | pain in the big toe, often associated with gout
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| rhabdomyoma | benign tumor in striated muscle
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| rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant tumor in striated muscle
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| rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue
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| rickets | disease of the skeletal system, usually caused by vitamin D deficiency
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| rigidity | stiffness
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| rigor | stiffening
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| sciatica | pain in the lower back, usually radiating down the leg, from a herniated disk or other injury or condition
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| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column
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| sequestrum | piece of dead tissue or bone separated from the surrounding area
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| simple fracture | fracture with no open skin wound
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| spasm | sudden, involuntary muscle contraction
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| spastic | tending to have spasms
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| spina bifida | congenital defect with deformity of the spinal column
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| spinal curvature | abnormal curvature of the spine
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| spondylolisthesis | degenerative condition in which one vertebra misaligns with the one below it; slipped disk
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| spondylolysis | degenerative condition of the moving part of a vertebra
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| sprain | injury to a joint without dislocation or fracture. (can involve a ligament). This is worse than a strain and often takes longer to heal than does a fracture and can be more painful
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| spur | bony projection growing out of a bone; calcar
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| strain | injury to a muscle as a result of improper use or overuse
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| subluxation | partial dislocation, as between joint surfaces
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| talipes calcaneus | deformity of the heel resulting from weakened calf muscles
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| talipes valgus | foot deformity characterized by eversion of the foot
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| talipes varus | foot deformity characterized by inversion of the foot
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| tendinitis, tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon
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| tetany | painfully long muscle contraction
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| tremor | abnormal, repetitive muscle contractions
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| amputation | cutting off of a limb or part of a limb
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| arthrocentesis | removal of fluid from a joint with use of a puncture needle
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| arthrodesis | surgical fusion of a joint to stiffen it
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| arthroplasty | surgical replacement or repair of a joint
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| bone grafting | transplantation of bone from one site to another
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| bunionectomy | removal of a bunion
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| bursectomy | removal of a bursa
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| casting | forming of a cast in a mold; placing of fiberglass or plaster over a body part to prevent its movement
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| external fixation device | device applied externally to hold a limb in place
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| internal fixation device | device, such as a pin, inserted in bone to hold it in place
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| laminectomy | removal of part of an intervertebral disk
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| myoplasty | surgical repair of muscle tissue
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| orthosis, orthotic | external appliance used to immobilize or assist the movement of the spine or limbs
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| osteoclasis | breaking of a bone in order to repair or reposition it
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| osteoplasty | surgical replacement or repair of bone
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| osteotomy | cutting of bone
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| prosthetic device | artificial device used as a substitute for a missing or diseased body part
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| reduction | return of a part to its normal position
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| splinting | applying a splint to immobilize a body part
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| spondylosyndesis | fusion of two or more spinal vertebrae
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| synovectomy | removal of part or all of a joint's synovial membrane
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| tenotomy | surgical cutting of a tendon
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| traction | dragging or pulling or straightening of something, as a limb, by attachment of elastic or other devices
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| analgesic | agent that relieves pain
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| anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid) | agent that reduces inflammation
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| muscle relaxant | agent that relieves muscle stiffness
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| narcotic | agent that relieves pain by affecting the body in ways that are similar to opium
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) | agent that reduces inflammation without the use of steroids
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