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MT- Ch 5 Vocab
Medical Terminology Vocabulary Chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| acetabulum | cup-shaped depression in the hip bone into which the top of the femur sits |
| acromion | part of the scapula that connects to the clavicle |
| amphiarthrosis | cartilaginous joint having some movement at the union of two bones |
| ankle | hinged area between the lower leg bones and the bones of the foot |
| articular cartilage | cartilage at a joint |
| articulation | point at which two bones join together to allow movement |
| atlas | first cervical vertebra |
| axis | second cervical vertebra |
| bone | hard connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body |
| bone head | upper, rounded end of a bone |
| bone phagocyte | bone cell that ingests dead bone and bone debris |
| bursa | sac lined with synovial membrane that fills the spaces between tendons and joints |
| calcaneus | heel bone |
| calcium | mineral important in the formation of bone |
| cancellous bone | spongy bone with a latticelike structure |
| cardiac muscle | striated involuntary muscle of the heart |
| carpus, carpal bone | wrist; wrist bone |
| cartilage | flexible connective tissue found in joints, fetal skeleton, and the lining of various parts of the body |
| cartilaginous disk | thick, circular mass of cartilage between the verebrae of the spinal column |
| cervical vertebrae | seven vertebrae of the spinal column located in the neck |
| clavicle | curved bone of the shoulder that joins to the scapula; collar bone |
| coccyx | small bone consisting of four fused vertebrae at the end of the spinal column; tailbone |
| compact bone | hard bone with a tightly woven structure |
| condyle | rounded surface at the end of a bone |
| crest | bony ridge |
| diaphysis | long middle section of a long bone; shaft |
| diarthroses | freely movable joints |
| disk | see cartilaginous disk |
| dorsal vertebrae | thoracic vertebrae |
| elbow | joint between the upper arm and the forearm |
| endosteum | lining of the medullary cavity |
| epiphyseal plate | cartilaginous tissue that is replaced during growth years, but eventually calcifies and disappears when growth stops |
| ethmoid bone | irregular bone of the face attached to the sphenoid bone |
| ethmoid sinuses | sinuses on both sides of the nasal cavities between each eye and the sphenoid sinus |
| fascia | sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses muscles |
| femur | long bone of the thigh |
| fibula | smallest long bone of the lower leg |
| fissure | deep furrow or slit |
| flat bones | thin, flattened bones that cover certain areas, as of the skull |
| fontanelle | soft, membranous section on top of an infant's skull |
| foramen | opening or perforation through a bone |
| foramen magnum | opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes |
| fossa | depression, as in a bone |
| frontal bone | large bone of the skull that forms the top of the head and forehead |
| frontal sinuses | sinuses above the eyes |
| heel | back, rounded portion of the foot |
| humerus | long bone of the arm connecting to the scapula on top and the radius and ulna at the bottom |
| ilium | wide portion of the hip bone |
| insertion | point at which a muscle attaches to a movable bone |
| intervertebral disk | see cartilaginous disk |
| involuntary muscle | muscle not movable at will |
| irregular bones | any of a group of bones with a special shape to fit into certain areas of the skeleton, such as the skull |
| ischium | one of three fused bones that form the pelvic girdle |
| joint | place of joining between two or more bones |
| lacrimal bone | thin, flat bone of the face |
| lamina | thin, flat part of either side of the arch of a vertebra |
| ligament | sheet of fibrous tissue connecting and supporting bones; attaches bone to bone |
| long bone | any bone of the extremities with a shaft |
| lumbar vertebrae | five vertebrae of the lower back |
| malleolus | rounded protrusion of the tibia or fibula on either side of the ankle |
| mandible | u-shaped bone of the lower jaw |
| mandibular bone | mandible |
| marrow | connective tissue filling the medullary cavity, often rich in nutrients |
| mastoid process` | protrusion of the temporal bone that sits behind the ear |
| maxillary bone | bone of the upper jaw |
| maxillary sinus | sinus on either side of the nasal cavity below the eyes |
| medullary cavity | soft center cavity in bone that often holds marrow |
| metacarpal | one of five bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers |
| metaphysis | section of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis |
| metatarsal bones | bones of the foot between the instep (arch) and the toes |
| muscle | contractile tissue that plays a major role in the body movement |
| musculoskeletal system | system of the body including the muscles and skeleton |
| nasal bones | bones that form the bridge of the nose |
| nasal cavity | cavity on either side of the nasal septum |
| neural canal | space through which the spinal cord passes |
| nucleus pulposus | fibrous mass in the center portion of the intervertebral disk |
| occipital bone | bone that forms the lower back portion of the skull |
| olecranon | curved end of the ulna to which tendons of the arm muscles attach; bony prominence of the elbow |
| origin | point at which muscles attach to stationary bone |
| osseous tissue | connective tissue into which calcium salts are deposited |
| ossification | hardening into bone |
| osteoblast | cell that forms bone |
| osteoclast | large cell that reabsorbs and removes osseous tissue |
| osteocyte | bone cell |
| palatine bone | bone that helps form the hard palate and nasal cavity; located behind the maxillary bones |
| parietal bone | flat, curved bone on either side of the upper part of the skull |
| patella | large, sesamoid bone that forms the kneecap |
| pelvic cavity | cup-shaped cavity formed by the large bones of the pelvic girdle; contains female reproductive organs, sigmoid colon, bladder, and rectum |
| pelvic girdle | hip bones |
| pelvis | cup-shaped ring of bone and ligaments at the base of the trunk |
| periosteum | fibrous membrane covering the surface of bone |
| phalanges | long bones of the fingers and toes |
| phosphorus | mineral important to the formation of bone |
| process | bony outgrowth or projection |
| pubes | anteroinferior portion of the hip bone |
| pubic symphysis | joint between the two public bones |
| radius | shorter bone of the forearm |
| rib | one of twenty-four bones that form the chest wall |
| sacrum | next-to-last spinal vertebra made up of five fused bones; vertebra that forms part of the pelvis |
| scapula | large flat bone that forms the shoulder blade |
| sella turcica | bony depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located |
| sesamoid bone | bone formed in a tendon over a joint |
| shin | anterior ridge of the tibia |
| short bones | square-shaped bones with approximately equal dimensions on all sides |
| sinus | hollow cavity, especially either of two cavities on the sides of the nose |
| skeleton | bony framework of the body |
| smooth muscle | fibrous muscle of internal organs that acts involuntarily |
| sphenoid bone | bone that forms the base of the skull |
| sphenoid sinus | sinus above and behind the nose |
| spinal column | column of vertebrae at the posterior of the body, from the neck to the coccyx |
| spinous process | protrusion from the center of the vertebral arch |
| spongy bone | bone with an open latticework filled with connective tissue or marrow |
| sternum | long, flat bone that forms the midline of the anterior of the thorax |
| striated muscle | muscle with a ribbed appearance that is controlled at will |
| syloid process | peg-shaped protrusion from a bone |
| sulcus | groove or furrow in the surface of bone |
| suture | joining of two bone parts with a fibrous membrane |
| symphysis | type of cartilaginous joint uniting two bones |
| synarthrosis | fibrous joint with no movement |
| synovial fluid | fluid that serves to lubricate joints |
| synovial joint | a joint that moves |
| synovial membrane | connective tissue lining the cavity of joints and producing the synovial fluid |
| tarsus, tarsal bones | seven bones of the instep (arch of the foot) |
| temporal bone | large bone forming the base and sides of the skull |
| temporomandibular joint (TMJ) | joint of the lower jaw between the temporal bone and the mandible |
| tendon | fibrous band that connects muscle to bone or other structures |
| thoracic vertebrae | twelve vertebrae of the chest area |
| thorax | part of the trunk between the neck and the chest |
| tibia | larger of the two lower leg bones |
| transverse process | protrusion on either side of the vertebral arch |
| trochanter | bony protrusion at the upper end of the femur |
| true ribs | seven upper ribs of the chest that attach to the sternum |
| tubercle | slight bony elevation to which a ligamnet or muscle may be attahced |
| tuberosity | large elevation in the surface of a bone |
| ulna | larger bone of the forearm |
| vertebra | one of the bony segements of the spinal column |
| vertebral column | spinal column |
| visceral muscle | smooth muscle |
| vitamin D | vitamin important to the formation of bone |
| voluntary muscle | striated muscle |
| vomer | flat bone forming the nasal septum |
| zygomatic bone | bone that forms the cheek |
| arthrography | radiography of a joint |
| arthroscopy | examination with an instrument that explores the interior of a joint |
| bone scan | radiographic or nuclear medicine image of a bone |
| chiropractor | health care professional who works to align the spinal column so as to treat certain ailments |
| densitometer | device that measures bone density using light and x-rays |
| diskography | radiographic image of an intervertebral disk by injection of a contrast medium into the center of the disk |
| electromyogram | a graphic image of muscular action using electrical currents |
| goniometer | instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint |
| myelography | radiographic imaging of the spinal cord |
| orthopedist, orthopedic surgeon | physician that examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the musculoskeletal system |
| osteopath | physician who combines manipulative treatment with conventional therapeutic measures |
| podiatrist | medical specialist who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the foot |
| rheumatoid factor test | test used to detect rheumatoid arthritis |
| rheumatologist | physician who examines, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the joints and muculoskeletal system |
| serum calcium | test for calcium in the blood |
| serum creatine phosphokinase | enzyme active in muscle contraction; usually phosphokinase is elevated after a myocardial infarction and in the presence of other degenerative muscle diseases |
| serum phosphorus | test for phosphorus in the blood |
| Tinel's sign | "pins and needles" sensation felt when an injured nerve site is tapped |
| uric acid test | test for acid content in urine; elevated levels may indicate gout |
| ankylosis | stiffening of a joint, especially as a result of disease |
| arthralgia | severe joint pain |
| arthritis | any of various conditions involving joint inflammation |
| atrophy | wasting away of tissue, organs, and cells, usually as a result of disease or loss of blood supply |
| bony necrosis | death of portions of bone |
| bunion | an inflamed bursa at the foot joint, between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone |
| bursitis | inflammation of a bursa |
| calcar | spur |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | pain and paresthesia in the hand due to repetitive motion injury of the median nerve |
| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| closed fracture | fracture with no open skin wound |
| Colles' fracture | fracture of the lower end of the radius |
| comminuted fracture | fracture with shattered bones |
| complex fracture | fracture with part of the bone displaced |
| complicated fracture | fracture involving extensive soft tissue injury |
| compound fracture | fracture with an open skin wound; open fracture |
| compression fracture | fracture of one or more vertebrae caused by compressing of the space between the vertebrae |
| contracture | extreme resistance to the stretching of a muscle |
| crepitation, crepitus | noise made by rubbing together of bones |
| degenerative arthritis | arthritis with erosion of the cartilage |
| dislocation | movement of a joint out of its normal position as a result of an injury or sudden, strenuous movement |
| dystonia | abonormal tone in tissues |
| epiphysitis | inflammation of the epiphysis |
| exostosis | abnormal bone growth capped with cartilage |
| flaccid | without tone; relaxed |
| fracture | a break, especially in a bone |
| gouty arthritis, gout | inflammation of the joints, present in gout; usually caused by uric acid crystals |
| greenstick fracture | fracture with twisting or bending of the bone but not breaking; usually occurs in children |
| hairline fracture | fracture with no bone separation or fragmentation |
| herniated disk | protrusion of an intervertebral disk into the neural canal |
| hypertrophy | abnormal increase as in muscle size |
| hypotonia | abnormally reduced muscle tension |
| impacted fracture | fracture in which a fragment from one part of the fracture is driven into the tissue of another part |
| incomplete fracture | fracture that does not go entirely through a bone |
| kyphosis | abnormal posterior spine curvature |
| leiomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle |
| leiomyosarcoma | malignant tumor of smooth muscle |
| lordosis | abnormal anterior spine curvature resulting in a sway back |
| muscular dystrophy | progressive degenerative disorder affecting the musculoskeletal system and, later, other organs |
| myalgia | muscle pain |
| myeloma | bone marrow tumor |
| myodynia | muscle pain |
| myoma | benign muscle tumor |
| myositis | inflammation of a muscle |
| open fracture | fracture with an open skin wound; compound fracture |
| ostealgia | bone pain |
| osteoarthritis | arthritis with loss of cartilage |
| osteodynia | bone pain |
| osteoma | benign bone tumor, usually on the skull or mandible |
| osteomyelitis | inflammation of the bone marrow and surrounding bone |
| osteoporosis | degenerative thinning of bone |
| osteosarcoma | malignant tumor of bone |
| pathological fracture | fracture occurring at the site of already damaged bone |
| phantom limb; phantom pain | pain felt in a paralyzed or amputated limb |
| physical therapy | movement therapy to restore use of damaged areas of the body |
| podagra | pain in the big toe, often associated with gout |
| rhabdomyoma | benign tumor in striated muscle |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant tumor in striated muscle |
| rheumatoid arthritis | autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue |
| rickets | disease of the skeletal system, usually caused by vitamin D deficiency |
| rigidity | stiffness |
| rigor | stiffening |
| sciatica | pain in the lower back, usually radiating down the leg, from a herniated disk or other injury or condition |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column |
| sequestrum | piece of dead tissue or bone separated from the surrounding area |
| simple fracture | fracture with no open skin wound |
| spasm | sudden, involuntary muscle contraction |
| spastic | tending to have spasms |
| spina bifida | congenital defect with deformity of the spinal column |
| spinal curvature | abnormal curvature of the spine |
| spondylolisthesis | degenerative condition in which one vertebra misaligns with the one below it; slipped disk |
| spondylolysis | degenerative condition of the moving part of a vertebra |
| sprain | injury to a joint without dislocation or fracture. (can involve a ligament). This is worse than a strain and often takes longer to heal than does a fracture and can be more painful |
| spur | bony projection growing out of a bone; calcar |
| strain | injury to a muscle as a result of improper use or overuse |
| subluxation | partial dislocation, as between joint surfaces |
| talipes calcaneus | deformity of the heel resulting from weakened calf muscles |
| talipes valgus | foot deformity characterized by eversion of the foot |
| talipes varus | foot deformity characterized by inversion of the foot |
| tendinitis, tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| tetany | painfully long muscle contraction |
| tremor | abnormal, repetitive muscle contractions |
| amputation | cutting off of a limb or part of a limb |
| arthrocentesis | removal of fluid from a joint with use of a puncture needle |
| arthrodesis | surgical fusion of a joint to stiffen it |
| arthroplasty | surgical replacement or repair of a joint |
| bone grafting | transplantation of bone from one site to another |
| bunionectomy | removal of a bunion |
| bursectomy | removal of a bursa |
| casting | forming of a cast in a mold; placing of fiberglass or plaster over a body part to prevent its movement |
| external fixation device | device applied externally to hold a limb in place |
| internal fixation device | device, such as a pin, inserted in bone to hold it in place |
| laminectomy | removal of part of an intervertebral disk |
| myoplasty | surgical repair of muscle tissue |
| orthosis, orthotic | external appliance used to immobilize or assist the movement of the spine or limbs |
| osteoclasis | breaking of a bone in order to repair or reposition it |
| osteoplasty | surgical replacement or repair of bone |
| osteotomy | cutting of bone |
| prosthetic device | artificial device used as a substitute for a missing or diseased body part |
| reduction | return of a part to its normal position |
| splinting | applying a splint to immobilize a body part |
| spondylosyndesis | fusion of two or more spinal vertebrae |
| synovectomy | removal of part or all of a joint's synovial membrane |
| tenotomy | surgical cutting of a tendon |
| traction | dragging or pulling or straightening of something, as a limb, by attachment of elastic or other devices |
| analgesic | agent that relieves pain |
| anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid) | agent that reduces inflammation |
| muscle relaxant | agent that relieves muscle stiffness |
| narcotic | agent that relieves pain by affecting the body in ways that are similar to opium |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) | agent that reduces inflammation without the use of steroids |
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