PHHS - APHUG: Important vocab for Unit 3 - Cultural Geography
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| communication through the use of signs, gestures, marks, and articulate vocal sounds | language
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| form of language that an institution advocates for use in public life | standard language
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| regional variants of a standard language | dialect
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| geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs | isogloss
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| society that lacks a written version of their language system | preliterate society
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| broadest classifcation of languages; can be further broken up into sub-families | language family
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| divisions within a language family; can be further subdivided into language groups | language sub-family
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| most specific division into which a language can be placed; make up language sub-families | language group
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| most widely used language family | Indo-European
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| most widely used language within the Indo-European family | English
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| region where one language is used | monolingual
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| region where two languages are used | bilingual
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| region where three or more languages are used | multilingual
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| simplified form of a language that uses key vocabulary and limited grammar | pidgin language
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| a "bridge" language commonly used to allow people to understand each other | lingua franca
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| language origin theory; states that migrants from India spread to Asia Minor, then on to Europe | Anatolian Theory
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| language origin theory; states that migrants from India spread to central Asia, then on to Europe | Kurgan Theory
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| a place name | toponym
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| study of place names | toponomy
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| a language no longer used as the primary language of communication by any culture | extinct language
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| a language formally adopted for use in government and government agencies | official language
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| an experimental "global language" attempted in Europe in the early 1900s | Esperanto
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| architechture style based on geometric, ordered patterns. Popular in the mid to late 1900s | modern
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| architechture style based on curvature, bendy, or wavy shapes. Popular in the late 1900s/2000s | contemporary
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| traditional housing style popular in New England; small, one-story house, evenly sloped roof | Cape Cod house
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| traditional housing style popular in New England; features a small roof in front and a large sloping roof in back | Salt Box house
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| traditional housing style popular in the Mid-Atlantic colonies and in cities; features 2/3 stories, flat roof, usually made of brick, Greek/Roman accents | Federalist/Georgian style house
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| traditional housing style; features sloped roof, 2 fireplaces, made of a variety of materials | I-house
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| religious building; features steeple or bell tower(s) | Roman Catholic/Protestant church
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| religious building; features bulb-style domes | Eastern Orthodox church
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| religious building; features rectangular body, towers, carvings of the heads/faces of deities | Hindu temple
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| religious building; found in northern India/Nepal; a large tower or dome | Vajrayna style Buddhist temple (Stupa)
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| religious building; found in southeast Asia, features small, overlapping roof sections and small curved spike, or spires | Theravada style Buddhist temple
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| religious building; pagoda style with winged roofs | Mahayana style Buddhist temple
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| religious bulding; often features domes and/or minarets | mosque
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| religion that does not have key indentifying features as part of its religious buildings | Judaism
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| the non-traditional heterogenious ideas and practices of urban industrial societies | popular culture
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| the traditional, relatively stable ideas and practices of somewhat isolated groups | folk culture
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| religions that accept everyone, sometimes actively recruit | universalizing religions
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| religions that are based on a cultural group; don't recruit | ethnic religions
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| religions where beliefs don't change; don't mesh well with other religious systems | fundamentalist
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| religions where the beliefs are more flexible; mesh well with other religious systems | compromising
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| key texts of Hinduism | Vedas and Upanishads
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| system of social hierarchy in Hinduism | caste system
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| concept of fulfilling your caste duty | dharma
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| concept that good or bad actions with have positive or negative consequences in the future; found in Hinduism and Buddhism | karma
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| the cycle of rebirth found in Hinduism and Buddhism | reincarnation
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| escape from the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism | moksha
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| founder of Buddhism | Siddhartha Gautama
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| denominations of Buddhism | Vajrayana, Theravada, Mahayana
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| Two key doctrines of Buddhism | Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path
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| escape from the cycle of reincarnation in Buddhism | nirvana
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| modern day Jewish state | Israel
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| holy scripture of Judaism | Torah
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| holiest of Jewish holidays | Yom Kippur
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| scattering of Jews worldwide, especially after the Roman destruction of the Jewish temple in 70 C.E. | diaspora
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| key denominations of Judaism | orthodox, conservative, and reform
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| founder of Judaism | Abraham
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| belief in one god | monotheism
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| belife in many gods | polytheism
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| belief that there should be a separate homeland for the Jewish people | Zionism
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| Jewish house of worship | synagogue
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| holiest site in Judaism | Western Wall (Wailing Wall)
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| founder of Christianity | Jesus
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| holy scripture of Christianity | Bible (especially the New Testament)
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| center of Christianity (after the adoption of Christianity by the Roman Empire) | Rome
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| key denominations of Christianity | Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant
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| spread Christianity to gentiles (non-Jews) | Paul
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| Christian house of worship | Church
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| Middle Eastern city; significant to Jews, Christians, and Muslims | Jerusalem
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| head of the Roman Catholic church | pope
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| the three parts of the Christian god | Holy Trinity
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| a person who dies for their beliefs | martyr
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| founder of Islam | Muhammad
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| holiest city in Islam | Mecca
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| two denominations of Islam | Sunni and Shi'a (Shiite)
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| holy scripture of Islam | Koran (Qu'ran)
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| leader of the Muslim faith | caliph
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| individual Muslim community leaders | imam
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| official language of Islam | Arabic
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| key tenents (beliefs) of Islam | The Five Pillars
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| key Muslim city; capital of the Islamic empire for centuries | Baghdad
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| holy month of Islam; Muslims fast from sunup to sundown | Ramadan
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| a population represented by a singular culture | nation
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| a common national heritage | ethnicity
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| physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage | race
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| mestizo | person of mixed white and native American ancestry
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| mulatto | person of mixed white and black ancestry
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| zambo/cafuzo | person of mixed black and native American ancestry
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| creole | person of mixed white, black, and native American ancestry
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| theory that all aspects of culture are determined by geographic factors; founded by Friedrich Ratzel | environmental determinism
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| theory that cultures are partially shaped by geographic factors, as well as other factors; founded by Carl Sauer | environmental possibilism
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| theory of a living space for all ethnic groups, based on where they were best suited to live; established by Friedrich Ratzel | lebenstraum
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| how we describe ourselves to someone in our own culture | internal identity
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| how we describe ourselves to someone from a different culture | external identity
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| where a culture originated, and has(had) its main population center | cultural hearth
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| the cycle of replacement of a culture by new cultures in a single place over time | sequent occupance
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| adopting a new culture while maintaining aspects of your old culture | acculturation
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| complete loss of old culture as person is integrated into a new culture | assimilation
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| 2nd largest language family in the world; found in East Asia | Sino-Tibetan
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| Language family found in the Middle East and Northern Africa; Arabic is one of its languages | Afro-Asiatic
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| Language family dominant in Sub-Saharan Africa | Niger-Congo
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| Language family dominant in Turkey, central Asia | Altaic
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| Language family dominant in Northern Russia, Finland, Hungary | Uralic
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| Language family dominant in Southern India | Dravidian
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| Language family dominant in Japan and Korea | Japanese-Korean
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| Language family dominant in Indonesia | Malay-Polynesian
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| Religion dominant in Europe, Australia, and the Americas | Christianity
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| Religion dominant in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia | Islam
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| Religion dominant in India and Nepal | Hinduism
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| Religion dominant in East and Southeast Asia | Buddhism
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| Religion dominant in Israel and other small pockets worldwide | Judaism
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