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PHHS - APHUG Unit 3
PHHS - APHUG: Important vocab for Unit 3 - Cultural Geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| communication through the use of signs, gestures, marks, and articulate vocal sounds | language |
| form of language that an institution advocates for use in public life | standard language |
| regional variants of a standard language | dialect |
| geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs | isogloss |
| society that lacks a written version of their language system | preliterate society |
| broadest classifcation of languages; can be further broken up into sub-families | language family |
| divisions within a language family; can be further subdivided into language groups | language sub-family |
| most specific division into which a language can be placed; make up language sub-families | language group |
| most widely used language family | Indo-European |
| most widely used language within the Indo-European family | English |
| region where one language is used | monolingual |
| region where two languages are used | bilingual |
| region where three or more languages are used | multilingual |
| simplified form of a language that uses key vocabulary and limited grammar | pidgin language |
| a "bridge" language commonly used to allow people to understand each other | lingua franca |
| language origin theory; states that migrants from India spread to Asia Minor, then on to Europe | Anatolian Theory |
| language origin theory; states that migrants from India spread to central Asia, then on to Europe | Kurgan Theory |
| a place name | toponym |
| study of place names | toponomy |
| a language no longer used as the primary language of communication by any culture | extinct language |
| a language formally adopted for use in government and government agencies | official language |
| an experimental "global language" attempted in Europe in the early 1900s | Esperanto |
| architechture style based on geometric, ordered patterns. Popular in the mid to late 1900s | modern |
| architechture style based on curvature, bendy, or wavy shapes. Popular in the late 1900s/2000s | contemporary |
| traditional housing style popular in New England; small, one-story house, evenly sloped roof | Cape Cod house |
| traditional housing style popular in New England; features a small roof in front and a large sloping roof in back | Salt Box house |
| traditional housing style popular in the Mid-Atlantic colonies and in cities; features 2/3 stories, flat roof, usually made of brick, Greek/Roman accents | Federalist/Georgian style house |
| traditional housing style; features sloped roof, 2 fireplaces, made of a variety of materials | I-house |
| religious building; features steeple or bell tower(s) | Roman Catholic/Protestant church |
| religious building; features bulb-style domes | Eastern Orthodox church |
| religious building; features rectangular body, towers, carvings of the heads/faces of deities | Hindu temple |
| religious building; found in northern India/Nepal; a large tower or dome | Vajrayna style Buddhist temple (Stupa) |
| religious building; found in southeast Asia, features small, overlapping roof sections and small curved spike, or spires | Theravada style Buddhist temple |
| religious building; pagoda style with winged roofs | Mahayana style Buddhist temple |
| religious bulding; often features domes and/or minarets | mosque |
| religion that does not have key indentifying features as part of its religious buildings | Judaism |
| the non-traditional heterogenious ideas and practices of urban industrial societies | popular culture |
| the traditional, relatively stable ideas and practices of somewhat isolated groups | folk culture |
| religions that accept everyone, sometimes actively recruit | universalizing religions |
| religions that are based on a cultural group; don't recruit | ethnic religions |
| religions where beliefs don't change; don't mesh well with other religious systems | fundamentalist |
| religions where the beliefs are more flexible; mesh well with other religious systems | compromising |
| key texts of Hinduism | Vedas and Upanishads |
| system of social hierarchy in Hinduism | caste system |
| concept of fulfilling your caste duty | dharma |
| concept that good or bad actions with have positive or negative consequences in the future; found in Hinduism and Buddhism | karma |
| the cycle of rebirth found in Hinduism and Buddhism | reincarnation |
| escape from the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism | moksha |
| founder of Buddhism | Siddhartha Gautama |
| denominations of Buddhism | Vajrayana, Theravada, Mahayana |
| Two key doctrines of Buddhism | Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path |
| escape from the cycle of reincarnation in Buddhism | nirvana |
| modern day Jewish state | Israel |
| holy scripture of Judaism | Torah |
| holiest of Jewish holidays | Yom Kippur |
| scattering of Jews worldwide, especially after the Roman destruction of the Jewish temple in 70 C.E. | diaspora |
| key denominations of Judaism | orthodox, conservative, and reform |
| founder of Judaism | Abraham |
| belief in one god | monotheism |
| belife in many gods | polytheism |
| belief that there should be a separate homeland for the Jewish people | Zionism |
| Jewish house of worship | synagogue |
| holiest site in Judaism | Western Wall (Wailing Wall) |
| founder of Christianity | Jesus |
| holy scripture of Christianity | Bible (especially the New Testament) |
| center of Christianity (after the adoption of Christianity by the Roman Empire) | Rome |
| key denominations of Christianity | Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant |
| spread Christianity to gentiles (non-Jews) | Paul |
| Christian house of worship | Church |
| Middle Eastern city; significant to Jews, Christians, and Muslims | Jerusalem |
| head of the Roman Catholic church | pope |
| the three parts of the Christian god | Holy Trinity |
| a person who dies for their beliefs | martyr |
| founder of Islam | Muhammad |
| holiest city in Islam | Mecca |
| two denominations of Islam | Sunni and Shi'a (Shiite) |
| holy scripture of Islam | Koran (Qu'ran) |
| leader of the Muslim faith | caliph |
| individual Muslim community leaders | imam |
| official language of Islam | Arabic |
| key tenents (beliefs) of Islam | The Five Pillars |
| key Muslim city; capital of the Islamic empire for centuries | Baghdad |
| holy month of Islam; Muslims fast from sunup to sundown | Ramadan |
| a population represented by a singular culture | nation |
| a common national heritage | ethnicity |
| physical characteristics of a common genetic heritage | race |
| mestizo | person of mixed white and native American ancestry |
| mulatto | person of mixed white and black ancestry |
| zambo/cafuzo | person of mixed black and native American ancestry |
| creole | person of mixed white, black, and native American ancestry |
| theory that all aspects of culture are determined by geographic factors; founded by Friedrich Ratzel | environmental determinism |
| theory that cultures are partially shaped by geographic factors, as well as other factors; founded by Carl Sauer | environmental possibilism |
| theory of a living space for all ethnic groups, based on where they were best suited to live; established by Friedrich Ratzel | lebenstraum |
| how we describe ourselves to someone in our own culture | internal identity |
| how we describe ourselves to someone from a different culture | external identity |
| where a culture originated, and has(had) its main population center | cultural hearth |
| the cycle of replacement of a culture by new cultures in a single place over time | sequent occupance |
| adopting a new culture while maintaining aspects of your old culture | acculturation |
| complete loss of old culture as person is integrated into a new culture | assimilation |
| 2nd largest language family in the world; found in East Asia | Sino-Tibetan |
| Language family found in the Middle East and Northern Africa; Arabic is one of its languages | Afro-Asiatic |
| Language family dominant in Sub-Saharan Africa | Niger-Congo |
| Language family dominant in Turkey, central Asia | Altaic |
| Language family dominant in Northern Russia, Finland, Hungary | Uralic |
| Language family dominant in Southern India | Dravidian |
| Language family dominant in Japan and Korea | Japanese-Korean |
| Language family dominant in Indonesia | Malay-Polynesian |
| Religion dominant in Europe, Australia, and the Americas | Christianity |
| Religion dominant in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia | Islam |
| Religion dominant in India and Nepal | Hinduism |
| Religion dominant in East and Southeast Asia | Buddhism |
| Religion dominant in Israel and other small pockets worldwide | Judaism |
Created by:
pdeanna
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