The Urinary System
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| homeostasis | A state of equilibrium that produces a constant internal environment throughout the body.
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| urea | Is the major waste product of protein metabolism.
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| retroperitoneally | Means located beind the peritoneum, which is the membrance that lines the abdominal cavity.
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| renal cortex | Is the outer layer of the kidney.
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| medulla | Is the inner layer, and it contains most of the urine-collecting tubules.
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| nephrons | Are the functional units of the kidneys.
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| glomerulus | Is a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman's capsule.
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| urochrome | Is the pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color.
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| ureters | Are narrow tubes, each about 10 to 12 inches long. Each carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder.
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| urinary bladder | Is a hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine.
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| urethra | Is the tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body.
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| urinary sphincters | Total of two, one located at either end of the urethra, control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus.
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| urethral meatus | Is the external opening of the urethra. Is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina.
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| female urethra | Is approximately 1.5 inches long. In the female, the urethra conveys only urine.
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| male urethra | Is approximately eight inches long, and the urethral meatus is located a the tip of the penis. In the male, the urethra conveys both urine and semen.
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| urination | Also known as MICTURITION/VOIDING, is the normal process of excreting urine.
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| nephrologist | Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys.
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| urologist | Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males.
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| renal failure | Also known as KIDNEY FAILURE, is the inability of the kidney or kidneys to perform their functions.
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| anuria | Also known as ANURESIS, is the complete suppression(stopping) of urine formation by the kidneys.
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| uremia | Also known as UREMIC POISONING, is a toxic condition caused by excessive amount of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream.
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| acute renal failure(ARF) | Has sudden onset and is characterized gy uremia. May be caused by many factors, including a drop in blood volume or blood pressure due to injury or surgery.
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| chronic renal failure(CRF) | Is progressive disease that may be caused by a variety of conditions. When kidney function is insufficient, dialysis or transplantation is required.
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| end-stage renal disease(ESRD) | Refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure.
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| nephrotic syndrome | Is a general group of kidney diseases.
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| edema | Excessive fluid in the body tissue.
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| hyperproteinuria | Abnormally high concentrations of protein[albumin] in the urine.
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| hypoproteinemia | Abnormally low concentrations of prtein [albumin] in the blood.
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| hyperlipidemia | Abnormally large amount of lipids in the blood.
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| nephrosis/nephropathy | Mean diseases of the kidney, and these terms are used interchangeably with nephrotic system.
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| diabetic nephropathy | Is a result of the damage to the kidney's capillary blood vessels that is caused by long-term diabetes mellitus.
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| glomerulonephritis | Is an inflammation of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli.
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| hydronephrosis | Is the dialation(enlargement) of the renal pelveis of one or bothe kidneys.
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| nephrectasis | Is the distention of a kidney.
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| nephritis | Is an inflammation of the kidney.
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| nephroptosis | Also known as a FLOATING KIDNEY, is the downward displacement of the kidney.
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| nephropyosis | Is suppuration of the kidney.
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| pyelitis | Is an inflammation of the renal pelvis.
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| pyelonephritis | Is an inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney.
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| renal colic | Is an acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone.
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| stone | Also known as CALCULUS, is an abnormal mineral deposit.
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| nephrolithiasis | Is a disorder characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney.
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| hydroureter | Is the distention(stretching out) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked.
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| ureterectasis | Is the distention of a ureter.
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| ureterorrhagia | Is the discharge of blood from the ureter.
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| ureterostenosis | Is a stricture of the ureter.
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| stricture | Is an abnormal band of tissue narrowing a body passage.
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| cystalgia/cystodynia | Means pain in the urinary bladder.
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| cystitis | Is an inflammation of the bladder.
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| interstitial cystitis | Is an inflammation within the wall of the bladder.
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| cystocele | Is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall.
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| cystorrhagia | Is bleeding form the bladder.
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| urinary tract infections(UTI) | Infections that occur more frequently in women because of the shortness of the urethra and the proximity of its opening to the vagina and rectum.
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| vesicovaginal fissure | Is an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina.
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| reflux | Blockage of the urethra can cause urine to back up into the ureters.
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| epispadias | In the male is a congenital abnormality in which the urethral opening is located on the dorsal(upper surface) of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris.
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| paraspadias | Is a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening in on one side of the penis.
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| diuresis | Is the increased excretion of urine.
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| dysuria | Is difficult or painful urination.
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| enuresis | Is the involuntary discharge of urine.
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| nocturnal enuresis | Also known as BED-WETTING, occurs during sleep.
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| nocturia | Is excessive urination during the night.
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| oliguria | Means scanty urination.
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| polyuria | Means excessive urination.
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| urinary retention | Is the inability to void or empty the bladder.
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| incontinence | Means the inability to control excretory functions.
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| urinary incontinence | Is the inability to control the voiding of urine.
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| urge incontinence | When urination occurs involuntarily as soon as an urgent desire to urinate is felt.
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| catheterization | Is the insertion of a sterile catheter through the urethra and into the urinary bladder.
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| cystoscopy | Which is also known as CYSTO, is the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope.
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| cystoscope | Is used for treatment procedures such as the removal of tumors.
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| intravenous pyelogram | Is a radiographic(x-ray) study of the kidneys and ureters in which iodine is injected into a vein as a contrast medium to define these structures more clearly.
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| KUB | Is a radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder structures without the use of a contrast medium. Also referred to as a FLAT-PLATE OF THE ABDOMEN.
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| intravenous urography | Is the radiographic visualization of the urinary tract with the use of a contrast medium.
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| urogram | The resulting record.
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| excretory urography | Is so named because it traces the actio of the kidney as it processes and excretes dye injected into the bloodstream.
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| retrograde urography | Is a radiograph of the urinary systme taken after dye has been placed int the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward(backward) through the urinary tract.
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| cystography | Is a radiographic examination of the bladder ater instillation of a contrast medium via a urthral catheter.
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| voiding cystourethrography | A diagnostic procedure in which a fluroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra.
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| urinalysis | Is the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements.
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| diuretics | Medications administered to increase urine secretion to rid the gody of excess sodium and water.
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| dialysis | Is a procedure to remove wast products form the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer funtion.
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| hemodialysis | Filters waste products from the patients blood.
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| dialysate | A solution made up of water and electrolytes, which removes excess fluids and waste from the blood.
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| peritoneal dialysis | The lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter ot remove waste from the blood.
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| continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis(CAPD) | Provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his daily activities. In this procedure, a dialysate solution is instilled from a plastic container worn under the paitent's clothing.
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| continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis(CCPD) | uses a machine to cycle the dialysate fluid during the night while the patient sleeps.
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| renal transplantation | Also known as a KIDNEY TRANSPLANT, is the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidneys.
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| nephrolysis | Is the freeing of a kidney from adhesions.
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| adhesion | Is a band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally.
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| nephropexy | Is the surgical fixation of a floating kidney.
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| nephroostomy | Is the establishment of an opening between the pelvis of the kidney through it cortex to the exterior of the body.
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| pyeloplasty | Is the surgical repair of the renal pelvis.
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| pyelotomy | Is a surgical incision into the renal pelvis.
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| lithotrispy | Also known as EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCKWAVE LITHOTRIPSY(ESWL), is the destruction of a kidney stone with the use of ultrasonic waves traveling through water.
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| nephrolithotomy | Is the surgical removal of a kidney ston through an incision in the kidney.
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| ureterectomy | Is the surgical removal of a ureter.
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| ureteroplasty | Is the surgical repair of a ureter.
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| ureterorrhaphy | Is the suturing of a ureter.
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| cystectomy | Is the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder.
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| cystopexy | Is the surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall.
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| cystorrhaphy | Means sutering of the bladder.
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| lithotomy | Is a surgical incision for the removal of a stone, usually from the bladder.
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| suprapubic catheter | Is an indwelling catheter placed into the baldder though a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone.
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| indwelling | Means something that remains inside the body for a prolonged time.
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| meatotomy | Is an incision of the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening.
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| urethropexy | Is the surgical fixation of the urethra usually for the correction of urinary stress incontinence.
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| urethroplasty | Is the surgical repair of the urethra.
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| urethrostomy | Is the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin.
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| urethrotomy | Is a surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture.
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