CHAPTER 10 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
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| Aneurysm | Localized dilation of a weakened area of the wall of an artery.
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| Atherosclerosis | A form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) characterized by fatty deposits building up within the inner layers of the wall of larger arteries.
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| Bruit | An abnormal sound or murmur heard when listening to a carotoid artery, organ, or gland with a stethoscope; for example, during auscultation.
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| Claudication | Cramplike pains in the calves of the legs caused by poor circulation to the muscles of the legs;
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| Coronary Artery | One of a pair of arteries that branch from the aorta. The coronary arteries and their branches supply blood & oxygen to the heart muscles.
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| Cusp | Any one of the small flaps on the valves of the heart.
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| Dependent Edema | Fluid accumulation in the tissues influenced by gravity; usually greater in the lower extremities than in tissue levels above the level of the heart.
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| Diastole | period of relaxation of the heart, alternating with the contraction phase known as the systole.
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| Dysrhymthmia | abnormal rhythm.
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| Edema | localized or generalized collection of fluid within the body tissue, causing the area to swell.
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| Endocarditis | Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
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| Hypertension | Elevated blood pressue persistently higher than 135/86 mmHg; high blood pressure;
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| Hypotension | Low blood pressure
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| Infarction | localized area of necrosis (death) in tissue, a vessel, an organ, or a part resulting from lack of oxygen due to interuppted blood flow to the area.
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| Mediastinum | Area between the lungs in the chest cavity that contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, & bronchi.
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| Murmur | low-pitched humming or fluttering sound, as in a "heart murmur" heard on auscultation.
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| Myocardium | the middle muscular layer of the heart.
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| Occlusion | closure, or state of being closed.
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| Pacemaker | the SA node of the heart located in the right artium. it's responsible for initiating the heartbeat, influencing the rate & rhythm of the heart beat.
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| Palpitation | Rapid, violent, or throbbing pulsation, as an abnormally rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart.
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| Pericardium | double membranous sac that encloses the heart and the origins of the great blood vessels.
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| Pitting Edema | swelling.
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| Pulmonary Artery | one of a pair of arteries that transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lung for oxygenation. Only arteries in the body to carry deoxygenated blood.
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| Pulmonary Circulation | circulation of deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and back to the left atrium of the heart; that is, from the heart, to the lungs, back to the heart.
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| Pulmonary Vein | one of 4 large veins that returns oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart. Only veins in the body to carry oxygenated blood.
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| SA Node | sinoatrial node; pacemaker of the heart;
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| Septum | a wall, or partition, that divides or separates 2 cavities.
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| Systemic Circulation | the circulation of blood from the left ventricle of the heart, throughout the body, & back to the right atrium of the heart.
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| Systole | the contraction phase of the heartbeat forcing blood into the aorta and the pulmonary arteries.
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| Vasoconstriction | narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel.
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| Vegetation | abnormal growth of tissue around a valve.
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| Anorexia | Loss of appetite.
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| Anxiety | feeling of apprehension, worry, uneasiness, or dread, especially of the future.
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| Bradycardia | slow heart rate characterized by a pulse rate under 60 beats per minute.
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| Chest Pain | feeling of discomfort in the chest area.
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| Cyanosis | slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark discoloration of the skin due to the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
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| Dyspnea | air hunger resulting in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain.
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| Fatigue | feeling of tiredness of weariness resulting from continued activity or as a side effect from some psychotropic drug;
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| Fever | Elevation of temperature above the normal.
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| Headache | diffuse pain in different portions of the head and not confined to any nerve distrubution area.
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| Nausea | unpleasant sensation, usually preceding vomiting.
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| Pallor | lack of color; paleness.
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| Sweat | perspiration; the liquid secreted by the sweat glands, having a salty taste
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| Tachycardia | abnormal rapidity of heart action, usually defined as a heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
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| Vomiting | ejection through the mouth of the gastric content.
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| Weakness | lacking physical strenth or vigor (energy).
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| Angina Pectoris | severe pain & constriction about the heart, usually radiating to the left shoulder & down the left arm- creating a feeling of pressure in the anterior chest.
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| Cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscle itself, primarily affecting the pumping ability of the heart.
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| Congestive Heart Failure | condition characterized by weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort.
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| Coronary Artery Disease | narrowing of the coronary arteries to the extent that adequate blood supply to the myocardium is prevented.
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| Endocarditis | Inflammation of the membrane lining of the valves & chambers of the heart caused by direct invasion of bacteria or other organisms and leading to deformity of the valve cusps.
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| Mitral Valve Prolapse | drooping of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular systole.
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| Myocardial Infarction | heart attack.
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| Myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium
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| Pericarditis | imflammation of the pericardium (the saclike membrane that covers the heart muscle). it may be acute or chronic.
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| Rheumatic Fever | inflammatory disease that may develop as a delayed reaction to insufficiency treated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract.
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| Raynaud's Phenomenon | intermittent attacks of vasoconstriction of the arterioles (causing swelling of the fingers or toes)
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| Thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a clot; usually occurs in the leg.
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| Varicose Veins | Enlarged, superficial veins; a twisted, dilated vein with incompetent valves.
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| Venous Insufficiency | abnormal circulatory condition characterized by decreased return of venous blood from the legs to the trunk of the body.
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| Atrial Flutter | condition in which the contractions of the atria become extremely rapid, at the rate of between 250 & 350 beats per minute.
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| Atrial/Ventricular Fibrillation | extremely rapid, incomplete contractions of the atria resulting in disorganized & uncoordinated twitching of the atria.
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| Angiography | x-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the heart & blood vessels after introducing a (contract medium) that makes them visible of internal structures that are otherwise difficult to see on an X-ray film
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| Cardiac Catheterization | diagnostic procedure where a catheter is introduced into a large vein or artery adn then threaded through the circulatory system to the heart. Used to obtain detailed information about the structure & function of the heart chambers, valves & great vessels
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| Cardiac Enzymes Test | performed on samples of blood obtained by venipuncture to determine the presence of damage to the myocardial muscle.
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| Electrocardiogram | graphic record of the electrical action of the heart as reflected from the various angles to the surface of the skin; known as EKG or ECG.
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| Event Monitor | similiar the Holter monitor in that it also records the electrical activity of the heart while the patient goes about usual daily activities.
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| Echocardiography | diagnostic procedure for studying the structure & motion of the heart.
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| Exercise Stress Testing | means of assessing cardiac function, by subjecting the patient to carefully controlled amounts of physical stress.
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| Holter Monitoring | small, portable monitoring device that makes prolonged electrocardiograph recordings on a portable tape recorder.
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| Defibrillator | NEED TO LOOKUP
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| Thallium Stress Test | one of several nuclear stress tests, is a combination of exercise stress testing with thallium imaging to assess changes in coronary blood flow during exercise.
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