The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
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| allergist | specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity such as allergic reactions.
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| hematologist | specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues.
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| immunologist | is a specialist in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the immune system.
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| oncologist | is a specialist in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer.
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| intercellular fluid | also known as INTERSTITIAL FLUID, is plasma that flows out of the capillaries of the circulatory system into the spaces between the cells.
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| lymph fluid | usually referred to simply as lymph, is intercellular fluid as it returns to the venous circulatory system. removes waste product from the cells.
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| lymph capillaries | are microscopic thin-walled tubes located just under the skin, carry lymph fluid from the tissues to the larger lymphatic vessels.
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| right lymphatic duct | empty lymph into veins in the upper thoracic region.
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| thoracic duct | empty lymph into veins in the upper thoracic region.
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| lacteals | are specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of small intestine.
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| tonsils | are masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat.
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| cervical lymph nodes | are located in the neck.
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| axillary lymph nodes | are located under the arms.
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| inguinal lymph nodes | are located in the inguinal(groin) area of the lower abdomen.
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| adenoids | also known as NASOPHARYNGEAL TONSILS, are located in the nasopharynx.
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| palatine tonsils | are located in the portion of the throat that is visible through the mouth.
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| lingual tonsils | are located at the base of the tongue.
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| vermiform appendix | is lymphatic tissue that hangs from the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine.
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| peyer's patches | are small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum of the small intestine.
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| spleen | a saclike mass of lymphatic tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior(below) the diaphragm and posterior to(behind) the stomach.
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| hemolytic | removes and destroys worn-out red blood cells
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| thymus | is located superior to(above) the heart.
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| lymphadenitis | also known as SWOLLEN GLANDS, is an inflammation of the lymph nodes.
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| lymphadenopathy | is any disease process usually involving enlargement of the lymph nodes.
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| persistent generalized lymphadenopathy(PGL) | is the continued presence of enlarged lymph nodes.
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| lymphangiogram | is a radiographic study of the lymphatic vessels and nodes with the use of a contrast medium to make these structures visible.
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| lymphangioma | is a benign abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels forming a mass.
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| lymphedema | is an abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid that causes swelling usually in the arms or legs.
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| primary lymphedema | which is a hereditary disorder, may occur at any time in life. it can affect any of the limbs.
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| secondary lymphedema | is caused by identifiable factors such as the surgical removal or radiation of the lymph nodes in the treatment of cancer. this affect the limb nearest the treatment.
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| intact skin | wraps the body in a physical barrier that prevents invading organisms from entering the body.
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| respiratory system | traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and the moist mucous membranes that line the respiratory system.
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| digestive system | uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food.
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| lymphatic system | structures and cells are essential components in fighting invaders once they have entered the body.
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| antigen | is any substance such as a virus, bacterium, toxin, or tissue that the body regards as foreign.
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| antibody(Ab) | is a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of that specific antigen.
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| antigen-antibody reaction | also known as IMMUNE REACTION, involves binding these foreign antigens to antibodies to form antigen-antibody complexes.
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| lymphocytes | are WBCs that specialize so they can attack specific microorganisms. formed in bone marrow as stem cells.
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| B cell | also known as a B lymphocyte, is designed to make only one specific antibody against a specific antigen.
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| immunoglobulin(Ig) | is a synonym for antibody.
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| plasma cells | produce and secrete antibodies coded to match the antigen.
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| complement | is a complex series of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form.
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| T cells | also known at T lymphocytes, are small circulating lymphocytes that have traveled to the thymus.
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| interferon | which is produced by the T cells, is a family of proteins released by cells when invaded by a virus.
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| lymphokines | which are produced by the T cells, direct the immune response by signaling between the cells of the immune system.
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| macrophage | which is a type of phagocyte, protects the body by ingesting(eating) invading cells and by interacting with the other cells of the immune system.
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| phagocyte | is a large WBC that can ingest(eat) and destroy substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens.
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| immunity | is the state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease.
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| natural immunity | is passed from mother to fetus befor birth.
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| acquired immunity | is obtained by the development of antibodies during an attack of an infectious disease.
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| artificial immunity | also known as IMMUNIZATION, is immunity that was acquired through vacination.
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| oppurtunistic infection | is a pathogen that normally does not cause disease but is able to cause illness in a weakened host whose resistance has been decreased by a different disorder.
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| allergy | also known as HYPERSESITIVITY, is an overreation by the body to a particular antigen.
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| allergen | is an antigen that is capable of inducing an allergic response.
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| cellular response | also known as a LOCALIZED or DELAYED ALLERGIC RESPONSE, the body does not react the first time it is exposed to the allergen.
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| systemic reaction | also described as ANAPHYLAXIS, is a severe response to a foreign substance such as a drug, food, insect venom, or chemical.
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| scratch test | is a diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens such as tree pollen and ragweed.
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| antihistamines | are medications administered to block and control allergic reations.
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| autoimmune disorder | is a condition in which the immune system misreads normal antigens and creates antibodies and directs T cells against the body's own tissues.
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| immunodeficiency disorder | is a condition that occurs when one or more parts of the immune system are deficient or missing.
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| compromised | when the immune system is weakened.
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| congenital immunodeficiency | are hereditary.
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| human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) | is a bloodborne pathogen that invades and then progressively impairs or kills cells of the immune system.
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) | describes the advanced stages of an HIV infection.
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| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) | is a blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies.
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| western blot test | is performed to confirm the diagnosis.
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| immunotherapy | is a treatment of disease either by enhancing or repressing the immune response.
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| synthetic immunoglobulins | also known as IMMUNE SERUM, are used as a postexposure preventive measure against certain viruses including rabies and some types of hepatitis.
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| synthetic interferon | is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and some cancers.
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| monoclonal antibodies(MAbs) | are antibodies produced in the laboratory.
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| immunosuppression | is treatment used to interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens.
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| immunosuppressant | is a drug that prevents or reduces the body's normal reactions to invasion by disease or by foreign tissues.
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| corticosteroid drug | is a hormone-like preparation used primarily as an anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant.
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| cytotoxic drug | kills or damages cells.
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| antineoplastic | blocks the growth of neoplasms and is used to treat cancer.
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| pathogen | is a microorganism that causes a disease.
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| microorganism | is a living organism that is so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope.
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| bacteria | are a group of one-celled microscopic organisms.
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| bacilli | are rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria. tetanus and tuberculosis are caused by bacilli.
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| rickettsia | is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER, which is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick.
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| spirochetes | are spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement. LYME DISEASE is caused by spirochete.
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| staphylococci | are bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters. BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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| streptococci | are bacteria that form a chain. Group A streptococci cause the form of PHARYNGITIS that is commonly known as a STREP THROAT.
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| fungus | is a simple parasitic plant. ASPERGILLOSIS, which is an infection caused by a fungus.
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| yeast | is a type of fungus.
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| parasite | is a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of the organism.
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| viruses | are very small infectious agents that live only by invading cells.
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| chickenpox | also known as VARICELLA(VZN), is an acute highly contagious viral disease that is characterized by fever and pustules.
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| cytomegalovirus(CMV) | is an infection caused by a group of large herpes-type viruses with a wide variety of disease affects.
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| herpes zoster | also known as SHINGLES, is an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying rout of the inflamed nerve.
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| infectious mononucleosis | which is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, is characterized by fever, a sore throat, adn enlarged lymph nodes.
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| measles | is an acute, highly contagious viral disease transmitted by respiratory droplets.
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| mumps | is an acute viral disease characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands.
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| rabies | is an acute viral infection that may be transmitted to humans by the blood, tissue, or saliva of an infected animal.
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| rubella | also known as GERMAN MEASLES or 3-DAY MEASLES, is a viral infection characterized by fever and a diffuse, fine, red rash.
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| antibiotic | is a chemical substance capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic microorganisms.
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| bactericide | is a substance that causes the death of bacteria. bactericides include primarily the antibiotic groups of penicilins and cephalosporins.
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| bacteriostatic | is an agent that inhibits, slows, or retards the growth of bacteria. these include primarily the antibiotic groups of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and erythromycin.
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| antiviral drug | such as acyclovir, is used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity. not effective against viruses.
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| oncology | is the study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer.
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| tumor | also known as NEOPLASM, is a new and abnormal tissue formation.
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| angiogenesis | through this process the tumor supports its growth by creatingits own blood supply.
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| antiangiogenesis | is a form of treatment being developed that will cut off this blood supply to the tumor.
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| benign | means not recurring, nonmalignant, and with a favorable chance for recovery.
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| malignant | means harmful, tending to spread, becoming progressively worse, and life threatening.
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| carcinoma in situ(CIS) | describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surround tissues.
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| invasive malignancy | grows and spreads into healthy adjacent tissue.
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| metastasize | is the verb that describes the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another.
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| metastasis | is the new cancer site that results from the spreading process.
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| staging | is the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis.
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| carcinoma(CA) | is a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue.
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| adenocarcinoma | is any one of a large group of carcinomas derved from glandular tissue.
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| sarcoma | is a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue.
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| osteosarcoma | is a malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee.
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| myosarcoma | is a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue.
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| kaposi's sarcoma | is an opportunistic infection frequently associated with HIV.
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| lymphoma | is a general term applied to malignancies that develop in the lymphatic system.
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| hodgkin's disease(HL) | also known as HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA(HL), is distinguished by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. these are large cancerous lymphocytes that are identified by microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen taken from an enlarged lymph node.
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| non-Hodgkin's lymphomas(NHL) | is used to describe all lymphomas other than HL.
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| blastoma | is a neoplasm composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells.
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| neuroblastoma | is a sarcoma of nervous system orgin.
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| retinoblastoma | is a malignant tumor of childhood arising from cells of the retina of the eye and usually occurring before the third year of life.
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| invasive ductal carcinoma | also known as INFLITRATING DUCTAL CARCINOMA(IDC), starts in the milk duct, breaks through the wall of that duct, and invades fatty breast tissue.
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| ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) | is breast cancer at its earliest stage (0) before the cancer has broken through the wall of the duct.
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| invasive lobular carcinoma | also known as INFILTRATING LOBULAR CARCINOMA(ILC), is cancer that starts in the milk glands(lobules), breaks through the wall of the gland, and invades the fatty tissue of the breast.
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| biopsy | is the removal of tissue to confirm a diagnosis.
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| lumpectomy | is the surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue and margin(rim) of normal tissue.
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| mastectomy | is the surgical removal of an entire breast.
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| modified radical mastectomy | is the surgical removal of the entire breast and axillary lymph nodes under the adjacent arm.
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| male breast cancer | can occur in the small amount of breast tissue that is normally present in men.
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| chemotherapy | is the use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to effectively destroy malignant cells and tissues.
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| radiation therapy | is the treatment of cancers through the use of x-rays.
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| brachytherapy | is the use of radioactive materials in contact with, or implanted into, the tissues to be treated.
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| teletherapy | is radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body.
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| cytotechnologist | a clinical laboratory technologist who examines human cell samples under a microscope for signs of cancer.
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| lymphedema therapist | provides decongestive lymphatic therapy, including skin care, manual lymphatic massage, bandaging, exercises, and instruction in self-care to lymphedema patients.
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