Brain & Nervous System exam
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| brain structure: language functions | cerebral cortex
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| brain structure: respiratory control centers | medulla oblongata AND pons
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| brain structure: cardiovascular control centers | medulla oblongata
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| brain structure: body temp control | hypothalamus
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| brain structure: "higher" brain functions | cerebral cortex
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| brain structure: thirst and hunger centers | hypothalamus
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| brain structure: parts of brain stem | medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons, reticular formation
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| brain structure: coordination of skeletal muscle | cerebellum
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| brain structure: gray matter deep within cerebrum, involved with motor reflexes | basal ganglia
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| brain structure: surface gray matter of cerebrum | cerebral cortex
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| brain structure: massive fiber tracts on anterior surface of brain stem | pons
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| brain structure: thinking, learning, memory | cerebral cortex
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| brain structure: voluntary skeletal muscle control | cerebral cortex
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| brain structure: conscious sensation | cerebral cortex
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| brain structure: emotions | limbic system
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| brain structure: sensory relay station | thalamus
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| brain structure: fiber tracts connecting higher brain structures and spinal cord | medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons
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| brain structure: visual and auditory reflexes | midbrain
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| brain structure: maintenance of consciousness and arousal from sleep | hypothalamus AND reticular formation
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| brain structure: "survival" and "drive" behavior, emotional expression | hypothalamus AND limbic system
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| brain structure: primary regulator of endocrine system | hypothalamus
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| brain structure: control of ANS | hypothalamus AND medulla oblongata
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| brain structure: network of neurons in gray matter of brain stem | reticular formation
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| brain structure: digestive system control centers | medulla oblongata
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| regulates glands and involuntary muscles (cardiac and smooth) | ANS
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| also known as the "efferent system" | motor system
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| brain and spinal cord | CNS
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| parts of peripheral nervous system | sensory system, enteric system, & motor system
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| regulates skeletal muscle | SNS
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| also known as "afferent system" | sensory system
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| consists of nerves and ganglia | PNS
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| carries incoming signals from sensory receptors | sensory system
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| carries outgoing signals to effectors | motor system
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| 2 divisions of the motor system | ANS & SNS
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| integrates, processes, and coordinates sensory input and motor output | CNS
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| consists of nerve plexuses in wall of digestive tract | Enteric NS
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| receives incoming information and selects appropriate response | Integration Control Center
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| pathway for "incoming" information | sensory pathway
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| "senses" changes in the internal or external environment | receptor
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| carries out corrective response | effector
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| pathway for "outgoing" information | motor pathway
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| neuroglia that are active phagocytes | microglia
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| neuroglia that provide supporting framework for neurons in the CNS | astrocytes
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| neuroglia that form myelin sheaths and neurilemma around PNS neurons | oligodendrocytes
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| neuroglia that line fluid-filled spaces within the brain and spinal cord and form CSF | enpendymal cells
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| neuroglia involved in the formation of the Blood Brain-Barrier | astrocytes
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| collection of neuron cell bodies within the CNS | nucleus
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| collection of neuron cell bodies within the PNS | ganglion
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| bundle of axons within the CNS | tract
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| bundle of axons within the PNS | nerve
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| contains tracts for transmission of impulses from one part of CNS to another | white matter
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| brain and spinal cord nuclei are primarily this tissue type | gray matter
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| fiber tracts are primarily this tissue type | white matter
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| primary site of "integration" in the nervous system | gray matter
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| consists of myelineated axons of neurons | white matter
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| consists of neuron cell bodies and unmyelineated axons | gray matter
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| structure that begins at foramen magnum and continues down to L1 & L2 level vertebrae | spinal cord
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| part of spinal column between C4 & T1 from which nerves to & from the upper limbs arise | cervical enlargement
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| part of spinal column between T9 to T12 from which nerves to & from the lower limbs arise | lumbar enlargement
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| spinal nerve roots that extend past the end of the spinal cord that gather together | cauda equina
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| how many pairs of spinal nerves does the spinal cord have? | 31
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| spinal cord: contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons | anterior horn
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| spinal cord: contains cell bodies of sensory neurons (unipolar) | posterior root ganglion
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| spinal cord: contains cell bodies of interneurons in ascending sensory tracts | posterior horn
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| spinal cord: contains ascending or descending axons of interneurons | column
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| spinal cord: contains cell bodies of ANS | lateral horn
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| parts of the spinal cord that contain gray matter contain nuclei contain cell bodies of neurons | horns
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| part of the spinal cord that contains white matter that contain tracts that contain axons of neurons | column
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| structures carrying sensory information to the brain | ascending tracts
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| structures carrying motor information from the brain | descending tracts
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| cordlike bundle of axons &/or dendrites & associated connective tissue coursing together outside the CNS with the purpose of conveying impulses | nerve
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| a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing contraction | stretch
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| a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation | tendon
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| reflexive response to pain | withdrawal (flexor)
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| helps maintain balance during reflex withdrawal | crossed extensor (a contralateral reflex arc)
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| contains both sensory and motor axons | spinal nerves AKA mixed nerves
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| are nerves composed of white or gray matter? | white matter
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| where are the dendrites of sensory neurons located? | outer surfaces
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| where are the dendrites of motor neurons located? | in the brain or spinal cord
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| what spinal nerves serve the cervical plexus | C1-C5
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| what spinal nerves serve the brachial plexus | C5-T1
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| what spinal nerves serve the lumbar plexus | L1-L4
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| what spinal nerves serve the sacral plexus | L4-S4
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| constant area(s) of skin providing sensory input to CNS via spinal nerves or V (trigeminal) nerve | dermatome
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| area of the brain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus | forebrain
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| area of the brain: cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons | hindbrain
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| area of the brain: midbrain | midbrain
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| midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata | brain stem
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| region of brain stem: white & gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement with sensory (ascending) & motor (descending) functions | reticular formation
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| brain part that 1. maintains consciousness & awakeness 2. regulates posture & muscle tone | reticular activating system
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| white matter forming bulges on anterior aspect of the medulla | pyramids
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| corticospinal tracts that control voluntary movements of limbs & trunk; they crossover from left to right & vice versa | pyramids
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| location of ascending and descending fiber tracts to & from cerebrum | cerebral peduncles
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| nuclei involved in visual reflexes | superior colliculi
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| nuclei involved in auditory pathways & reflexes | inferior colliculi
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| 2 nuclei involved in skeletal muscle control | substantia nigra & red nuclei
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| bundles of axons that conduct impulses between the cerebellum & other parts of the brain | cerebellar peduncles
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| CSF filled cavities that protect the brain by acting as shock absorbers | ventricles
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| deep masses of gray matter | basal ganglia
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| separates cerebral hemispheres | longitudinal fissure
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| elevation or bulge of gray matter | gyrus
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| shallow groove in gray matter | sulcus
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| separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobe | central sulcus
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| separates the frontal lobe and temporal lobe | lateral sulcus
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| fiber tracts connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres | corpus callosum
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| separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe | parieto-occipital sulcus
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| thin layer of gray matter on the surface of cerebrum | cerebral cortex
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| cerebral cortex: controls voluntary functions, learned movements, skill & delicate movement | primary motor & pre-motor cortex in frontal lobe
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| cerebral cortex: visual perception, recognition | visual cortex in occipital lobe
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| cerebral cortex: auditory perception, recognition | auditory cortex in superior part of temporal lobe
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| cerebral cortex: touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle | somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe
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| cerebral cortex: interprets meaning of speech | Wernicke's area in left temporal & parietal lobes
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| cerebral cortex: articulation of speech | Broca's area in frontal lobe
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| which cerebral hemisphere is dominant in language? | left
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| which cerebral hemisphere controls muscles on left side of body? | right
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| which cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information from the right side of the body? | left
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| which cerebral hemisphere is dominant in tasks involving 3D relationships & recognition of patterns, music & artistic apprecation? | right
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| gray matter, lateral to the thalamus, outside the CNS, made up of several structures of nuclei | basal ganglia
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| at a subconscious level, supresses unwanted movements, creates muscle tone, may initiate & terminate movements | basal ganglia
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| structure in the cerebrum that conducts nerve impulses | white matter
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| axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere | association tracts
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| axons conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one hemisphere to another | commissural tracts
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| axons from cerebrum to lower part of CNS | projection tracts (internal capsule)
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| to what group does corpus collosum belong? | commissural tracts
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| another name for the limbic system | the "emotional brain"
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| brain structure: primary motor area that initiates commands | cerebral cortex
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| brain structure: motor area that coordinates skeletal muscle movements | cerebellum
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| brain structure: vomiting, coughing, sneezing, rhythm of breathing | various motor nuclei of the Brainstem
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| brain structure: voluntary movements of limbs & trunk | pyramidal tracts of the Brainstem
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| brain structure: taste, hearing, equilibrium of inner ears | extrapyramidal tracts of the Brainstem
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| networks of blood capillaries, covered by ependymal cells that produce CSF | choroid plexuses
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| the Rate of CSF Production equals | the Rate of CSF absorption
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| shock absorber, buoyancy for the brain & spinal cord | CSF
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| 3 structures that protect the brain and spinal cord | vertebrae, meninges, & CSF
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| meninges that resemble a spider web | arachnoid mater
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| innermost layer of meninges | pia mater
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| tough, outermost layer of meninges | dura mater
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| contains CSF | subarachnoid mater
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| space between the arachnoid and dura mater | subdural space
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| space between the dura and surrounding vertebrae | epidural space
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| lateral ventricles are located within the 2 | hemispheres of the cerebrum
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| the 3rd ventricle is located between the walls of the | thalamus
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| the 4th ventricle is located between | the brain stem & cerebellum
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| fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater that project into the dural venous sinuses, especially superior sagittal sinus & reabsorb CSF | arachnoid villi
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| the 4th ventricle is continuous with the subarachnoid space via | 3 openings
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| 2 main arteries that supply the brain with blood | internal carotid & vertebral
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| main veins that drain the blood from the brain | jugular
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| tight junctions and astrocytes involved with the process of secreting chemicals to protect and restrict movement of substances to the brain | Blood-brain barrior
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| stroke or brain attack | CVA
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| impaired blood flow to the brain | TIA
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| how many pairs of cranial nerves are there? | 12
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| OOOTTAFVGVAH | Old Olympic Over Towering Titans Away Far Very Great Very Awesome Hallelujah!
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