Tissue level of organization, skeletal system, joints, bone tissue
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| show | group of similar cells with the same embryonic origin & function
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| Histology | show 🗑
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| show | 1) epithelial tissue, 2) connective tissue, 3) muscle tissue, 4) nervous tissue
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| Epithelial tissues (epithelia) | show 🗑
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| Function of epithelial tissue | show 🗑
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| show | 1) glandular, 2) covering and lining
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| show | contact points between neighboring cells; Tight, Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes, GAP
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| show | prevent passage of substances between cells
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| show | strong, prevent separation of cells
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| GAP Junctions | show 🗑
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| show | exposed to exterior, body cavity, lumen of organ
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| basal surface | show 🗑
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| show | face adjacent cells
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| basement membrane | show 🗑
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| Classification of covering & lining epithelia | show 🗑
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| Classification of covering & lining epithelia according to cell layers | show 🗑
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| show | Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cuboidal or hexagonal), columnar (tall, cylindrical), transitional (changeable shape, able to expand)
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| show | exocrine, endocrine glands
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| Gland | show 🗑
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| show | secrete products into ducts, body surface or hollow organ
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| Endocrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | most abundant tissue in body, binds, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates, separates, stores energy, transports
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| Structure of connective tissue | show 🗑
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| show | extracellular, fibers, ground substance
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| Cells of connective tissue | show 🗑
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| Blasts | show 🗑
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| Cytes | show 🗑
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| show | between cells & fibers, fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, calcified; stores water, facilitates exchange of substances and metabolism; contains complex polysaccharides and proteins
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| Fibers of matrix | show 🗑
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| Collagen fibers of matrix | show 🗑
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| show | thinner, elastic; in skin, blood vessels and lungs
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| show | fine bundles (stroma); supporting framework of many organs
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| Classification of mature connective tissue | show 🗑
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| show | soft, areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue
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| show | rough, dense regular, dense irregular and elastic connective tissue
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| Cartilage of connective tissue | show 🗑
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| Liquid connective tissue | show 🗑
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| Muscular tissue | show 🗑
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| Tissue repair | show 🗑
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| Tissue repair from stroma | show 🗑
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| Fibrosis | show 🗑
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| Tissue repair from parenchyma | show 🗑
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| Factors affecting ability to regenerate | show 🗑
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| show | 1) epithelial 2) connective tissue
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| Epithelial membranes | show 🗑
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| show | lining of body cavities open to exterior, underlying connective tissue (lamina propria), goblet and other cells produce mucous
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| Serous membrane | show 🗑
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| show | between sheets of serous membrane
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| show | skin
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| Connective tissue membranes | show 🗑
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| Synovial membrane | show 🗑
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| Bones in human body | show 🗑
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| show | long, short, flat, sesmoid, irregular, sutural
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| show | in some tendons; protection, improvement of mechanical advantage at joint; variable, not always completely ossified, very small except for patellae
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| Bone surface markings | show 🗑
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| Forces applied to bones | show 🗑
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| show | deposition of new bone, raised rough areas
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| Compression | show 🗑
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| Types of surface markings | show 🗑
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| show | 80 bones
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| Skull bones | show 🗑
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| Cranial bones | show 🗑
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| Facial bones | show 🗑
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| Orbits | show 🗑
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| show | perpendicular to plate of ethmoid bone
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| show | immovable joints found only between skull bones, moveable in children, coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous
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| show | cavities in some bones of skull; lined with mucous membranes continuous with lining of nasal cavity (frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary)
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| show | areas of unossified mesenchyme between cranial bones of infants, disappear after 24 months
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| Hyoid bone | show 🗑
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| show | spine, backbone, 26 vertebrae
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| Normal curves | show 🗑
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| show | kyphosis (hunchback), lordosis (sway back), scoliosis
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| show | between vertebrae, annulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
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| show | body, arch (lamina), processes (transverse, spinous, articular), vertebral foramen & notches, facets
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| Regions of vertebral column | show 🗑
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| show | transverse foramen & process, atlas (C1), axis (C2, dens), vertebral prominens (C7)
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| Thoracic region | show 🗑
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| show | large body's
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| show | base, apex, fused 5 sacral vertebrae
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| Coccyx | show 🗑
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| show | Sternum, ribs
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| show | manubrium, angle, body
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| show | 12 pairs, 7 true, 5 false, 2 floating
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| Appendicular skeleton | show 🗑
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| Pectoral (shoulder) girdle | show 🗑
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| Clavicle | show 🗑
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| show | body, borders (medial, lateral), angles (superior, inferior), processes, fossae, glenoid cavity
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| show | 30 bones, humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
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| Pelvic girdle | show 🗑
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| Lower extremity | show 🗑
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| show | articulations
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| show | space between articulating bones and type of binding connective tissue (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)
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| show | degree of movement; synarthrosis (immoveable), amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), diarthrosis (moveable)
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| show | lack synovial cavity, connected by fibrous connective tissue, (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)
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| show | synarthroses (become bone); thin layer of connective tissue, irregular, interlocking edges, between bones of skull
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| show | amphiarthroses, fibrous connective tissue, space between bones (little)
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| show | synarthroses, dentoalveolar joints (teeth), socket & periodontal ligaments
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| show | lack synovial cavity; connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (synchondroses, symphyses)
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| Synchondroses | show 🗑
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| Symphyses | show 🗑
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| show | Diarthroses, synovial cavity, articular cartilage, capsule, synovial fluid, articular discs, bursae, tendon sheaths
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| Articular cartilage | show 🗑
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| Articular capsule | show 🗑
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| Fibrous capsule | show 🗑
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| Synovial membrane | show 🗑
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| Synovial fluid | show 🗑
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| Articular discs | show 🗑
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| show | pad-like structures; connective tissue lined with synovial membrane producing synovial
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| tendon sheaths | show 🗑
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| show | planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball & socket
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| show | 1) structure/shape of articulating bones 2) strength/tension of joint ligaments 3) arrangement/tension of muscles 4) contact of soft parts 5) hormones 6) use/disuse/aging/disease
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| show | decrease in angle at joint
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| show | increase in angle at joint
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| hyperextension | show 🗑
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| abduction | show 🗑
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| adduction | show 🗑
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| circumduction | show 🗑
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| show | around long axis of bone
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| elevation | show 🗑
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| show | downward movement
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| show | movement anteriorly
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| show | movement posteriorly
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| inversion | show 🗑
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| eversion | show 🗑
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| show | toes toward knees
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| plantar flexion | show 🗑
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| supination | show 🗑
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| show | palms down
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| opposition | show 🗑
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| Functions of bone tissue | show 🗑
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| Structure of bone | show 🗑
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| Diaphysis | show 🗑
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| Epiphyses | show 🗑
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| Metaphyses | show 🗑
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| show | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering articulating part of epiphysis
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| Periosteum | show 🗑
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| Medullary cavity | show 🗑
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| show | membrane (connective tissue & bone forming & bone reabsorbing cells) lining medullary cavity
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| show | type of connective tissue, cells & extracellular matrix (ground substance, fibers)
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| show | osteogenic, osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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| show | stem cells along inner periosteum & endosteum; undergo cell divisions
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| Osteoblasts | show 🗑
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| Osteocytes | show 🗑
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| Osteoclasts | show 🗑
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| Extracellular matrix | show 🗑
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| Calcification | show 🗑
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| show | 80%, strongest form of bone, under periosteum of all bones, diaphysis of long bones
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| Structural units of bone tissue | show 🗑
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| show | aligned along lines of stress, change according to function, central canal, perforating (Volkmann’s) canals, concentric lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, circumferential & interstitial lamellae
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| show | connection with periosteum
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| show | rings of calcified extracellular membrane
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| show | spaces containing osteocytes
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| Canaliculi | show 🗑
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| Interstitial lamellae | show 🗑
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| Circumferential lamellae | show 🗑
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| Spongy bone tissue | show 🗑
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| show | bones have rich blood supply, good healing potential, periosteum is rich in sensory nerves, nerves & veins accompany arteries, (periosteal, nutrient arteries)
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| show | enter through many perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
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| show | enters through nutrient foramen (near center of diaphysis)
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| show | osteogenesis (ossification), replacement of template made of connective tissue by osseous tissue, sixth week of embryonic development (intramembranous, endochondral)
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| show | bone formation within mesenchyme; embryonic connective tissue (flat bones of skull, mandible)
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| Endochondral ossification | show 🗑
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| Epiphyseal plate | show 🗑
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| Bone growth | show 🗑
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| show | epiphyseal plates, growth of cartilage and its replacement by bone, (close after puberty, replaced by epiphyseal line)
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| show | addition of new bone to the periphery by osteoblasts in periosteum; as new bone is deposited on the outside, osteoclasts in endosteum destroy bone on the inside – enlargement of medullary cavity
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| show | ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new one (4% per year compact; 20% per year spongy), bone resorption (osteoclasts), bone deposition (osteoblasts), adaption to function
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| show | minerals, vitamins, hormones, sex hormones
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| Vitamins affecting bone growth and remodeling | show 🗑
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| Minerals affecting bone growth and remodeling | show 🗑
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| show | human growth hormone; thyroid hormones; parathyroid hormone; calcitonin
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| sex hormones and bone growth and remodeling | show 🗑
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| Fracture | show 🗑
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| Repair of bone | show 🗑
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| Treatment of fractures | show 🗑
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| show | porous bones, loss of bone mass, bone resorption outpaces bone deposition; 80% of women
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| Problems associated with osteoporosis | show 🗑
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| show | weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium intake
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| Reasons women’s bones are less massive then men’s bones | show 🗑
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| show | bones fail to calcify, organic matrix still produced but calcium salts are not deposited and bones become “soft” or rubbery and easily deformed; lack of Vitamin D, (deficiency in diet or lack of sun)
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