Introduction; Healthcare structure, Safety & Infection Control
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| What is Phlebotomy? | Practice of drawing blood
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| Phlebo means | Vein
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| ~tomy neans | To make an incision
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| A phlebotomist needs skills like: | Technical skills, organization, detail oriented,nterpersonal skills, handling stress, being professional
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| Phlebotomists personal characteristics | Dependability, Honesty & Integrity, Positive attitude, Empathy & Compassion, Professional detachment, Prof appearance, Interpersonal skills, and telephone skills
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| Professional Organizations and Standards | Develop standards and monitor training in the field
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| What are the three aspects Professional Organizations and Standards? | Accreditation, Certification and Continuing Medical Education Units
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| Accreditation | Programs that train phlebotomists receive approval from a professional org by meeting and documenting established requirements called Standards
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| Certification | Evidence that an individual has demonstrated proficiency in a particular area of practice.
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| Continuing Education Units (CEUs) | Provides updated on new information, Regulations and techniques and help refresh a phlebotomists skills
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| What is informed consent? | That patient must be informed of intended treatment and their risks before they are performed
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| What is confidentiality? | All information regarding a patient's condition including types of tests ordered or results is confidential
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| HIPAA - Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | Covers the privacy of patient's medical information
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| AIDS | Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome
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| CLIA '88 | Clinical Lab Improvement Act of 1988
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| CLSs | Clinical Lab Scientists
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| CLTs | Clinical lab Technicians
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| EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
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| MRI | Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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| SST | Serum Separator Tube
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| Fiscal & Information services | Responsible for adminissions and medical records, billing, accounting and other financial aspects
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| Support services | Includes all aspects of physical plant of the hosp., e.g., cleaning, maintenance, food and security
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| Nursing services | Provides direct care to patients
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| Professional services | Provide services at physicians requests
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| Cardiac Catheterization | Evaluates and treats patients with cardiovascular diseases
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| Clinical Laboratory | Analyses samples from patients at request of physicians or other health care personnel
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| Nuclear Medicine | Uses radioisotopes to perform tests and treat diseases
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| Occupational Therapy | Assess patients and design adaptive aids or compensatory strategies to help with physical or mental impairments
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| Pharmacy | Prepares and dispenses drugs that have been prescribed by physicians
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| Physical Therapy | Assess patients wboth before and after treatment and devise plans of physical treatment
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| Radiation Therapy | Treats cancer using x-rays or other high energy radiation sources to destory the tumor
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| Radiology or Medical Imaging | Interprets a range of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures using various forms of radiant energy
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| Respiratory Therapy | Provide treatment for respiratory discorders. They often perform arterial punctures for the determination of arterial blood gases
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| Blood Bank or Immunohematology | Deals with blood transfusions
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| Blood typing checks for two major antigens groups | ABO Group and Rh Group
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| Autologous donation | When a patient donates their own blood for transfusion
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| SST | Serum Separator Tube
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| What color is Serum | Clear, pale yellow fluid
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| Hemostasis | Refers to the process by which the body stops blood from leaking out of a wound
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| CLINICAL LAB IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 1988 (CLIA '88) | Passed by Congress which mandated the regulation of all facilities that perform patient test.
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| CLINICAL AND LAB STANDARDS INSTITUTE | Sets standards guidelines
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| Accreditation is required for | Healthcare facilities to receive Medicare or Medicaid reimbursement
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| JOINT COMMISSION | Labs must be inspected and accredited every 2 yrs
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| C P R | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
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| M S D S | Materials Safety Data Sheet
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| N F P A | National Fire Protection Association
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| Safety Hazards | Biological, Physical, Sharps, Chemical, Radioactive, Electrical, Fire or explosive, Latex sensitivity
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| Physical hazards | Mostly a matter of common sense plus learning important habits
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| Sharp hazards | Mostly needles and lancets
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| Needle Stick Safety and Prevention Act of 2001 | Requires all employers switch to safety needle devices to minimize risk of accidental sticks
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| OSHA Hazardous Communication Standard | Requires all manufacturers label hazardous materials
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| The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) label | Is a design recofnized by firefighters that warns of the location of hazardous materials in the event of fire
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| NEVER ADD WATER TO | ACID
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| If chemical spills on you | Proceed immediately to a safety shower or eyewash station and flush affected area with water for a minimum of 15min
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| Radioactive hazards | Are used in health care facilities to perform diagnostic tests and deliver treatment
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| Radioactive hazard symbol | should be displayed in areas which radioactivity is in use
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| Electrical hazards | Usually result in shock or fire
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| Emergency Response to Electric shock | Turn off the equipment by unplugging it or switching off the circuit breaker
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| Fire and Explosive Hazards | May occur in labs due to chemical or electrical accidents
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| Acronym RACE: | Rescue, Alarm, Confine, Extinguish
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| Acronym PASS | Pull the pin, Aim at base of fire, Squeeze handle and Sweep
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| Classes of fire and extinguishers | There are five classes of fire identified by NFPA
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| Type A | Contain water or dry chemicals - used for wood, paper and cloth
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| Type B | Contain dry chemicals, carbon dioxide, or environmentally safe fluorocarbons - used for grease, oil, and flammable liquids
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| Type C | Are safe for electrical fires
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| Type D | Agents are dry powders - used for flammable metals
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| Type K | Used in kitchens for cooking oils and grease
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| MRI hazards | Uses extremely powerful magnet to creat images of body
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| Emergency First-Aid Procedures | Healthcare works should be training in CPR techniques and refresh their skills biannually
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| Bleeding Aid | Apply direct pressure to bleed; Elevate the limb unless fracture is suspected; Maintain pressure until medical assistance is available
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| CPR procedure | Determine if victim is conscious and call for help; If victim unresponsive, begin chest compressions or use an AED if available (defibrillator); Perform chest compressions by pushing down on chest btwn 1.5-2" Compression shold be at rate of 100 per min
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| Disaster Emergency plan | Usually in place for disaster emergencies such floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, or fire
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| Latex sensitivity | FDA require labeling of medical gloves that contain naturual rubber latex or powder
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| Preventing latex reactions | Individuals with known sensitivity to latex should wear medical alert bracelet
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| A I D S | Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome
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| P P E | Personal Protective Equipment
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| Infection | Is an invasion and growth of a microorganism in the human body that causes disease
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| Pathogens | Infectious organisms - e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists
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| Nosocomial infections | Infections contracted by patients in hospitals
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| Chain of infection | Requires a continuous link through three primary elements.
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| Infection links | Reservoir, means of transmission and host
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| Other links include | portal of exit, portal of entry
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| The Reservoir | The source of infection
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| Fomite | A source - e.g., a contaminated object
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| Host | Susceptible patientm profesional worker, visitor
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| Microorganisms can be transmitted by | Droplet or airborne routes (direct or indirect)
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| Disease transmission can be spread by five means: | Contact, Droplet, Airborne, Common vehicle, Vector
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| Breaking chain of infection | Practicing appropriate hand hygiene, using PPE and Standard Precaution practices and also Isolation
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| Antiseptic | Agent used to clean living tissue, preventing sepsis or infection
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| PPE | Consists of barriers and respirators used alone or in combination to protect skin, mucous membrane and clothing
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| Standard Precautions refers to | Infection control measures that use barrier protection
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| Order of putting on PPE | 1) Gown 2) mask, respirator, googles or face shield 3)Gloves
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| Order of removing PPE | 1) Gown and gloves 2)hand hygiene 3) googles/shield 4) mask/respirator 5) hand hygiene after removing all PPE
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| Occupational Safety & Health Administration's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (OSHABPS) | Clarifies issues regarding sharps safety
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| Isolation Control Measures | Is used to protect the patient from infectious agents in the environment or carried by staff or visitors or can be used to protect staff, visitors and other patients
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| Protective Environment (PE) | Units for minimizing risk of acquiring environmental fungal infections. Immunocompromised patients may have their own isolation unit
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| Isolation precaution are based on two-tiered systems | 1) Includes precautions used for all patients in the hospital, without regard to their diagnosis or infection status; 2) Uses expanded precautions (EPs) - for pts known be or suspected of being infected with a highly transmissible pathogen
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| Airborne Precautions | Used for patients known to have or suspected of having a disease transmitted by airborne droplet nuclei - e.g., meeasles, varicella and tb
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| Droplet Precautions | Used for pts known to have or suspected of having a disease transmitted y large infectious droplets that can be deposited on the conjunctivae or mucous membranes of a susceptible host
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| Contact Precautions | Used for patients known to have or suspected of having diseases or conditions transmitted by direct patient contact or by contact with items in the patient's environment
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| Bloodborne pathogens | Infectious agents carried in the blood, certain body fluids, and unfixed tissues as defined in OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogen Stds
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| Principal accidental risk for a phlebotomist | Is contracting a BBP from a needle stick
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| Viral survival | Practice risk minimizing procedures by disinfecting your environment- equipment, control spills, clean up.
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| 10% bleach solution | should be made every day to be used as a disinfectant
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| Examples of Blood pathogens | Babesiosis, Colorado tick fever, Hep B, C & D, HIV, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I & II, Malaria and syphilis
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| Phlebotomy means | Incision of a vein
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| First step in routine blood collection? | Correctly and positively identifying patient
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| Which acronym is not a certification agency for phlebotomists | NAACLS (National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Lab Sciences
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| Which term is evidence that an individual has demonstrated proficiency in a particular area of practice | Certification
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| A phlebotomist must ensure that patient understands and agrees to have blood drawn by which process? | Informed Consent
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| The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act of '96 regulates | Privacy of Health information
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| What should you do if a pt refuses to have their blood drawn? | Notify pts physician
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| The term informed consent means? | A patient must be informed of all intended treatments and risks before the treatment is performed
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| True statement | Phlebotomy is an ancient profession dating back at least 3500 yrs
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| Which state has led the way in state regulation of phlebotomy? | California
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| What is an additive? | A substance added in blood tests to prevent blood from clotting
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| What is an antiseptic | A solution or agent for eliminating bacteria
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| What is a bevel? | The opening of a needle
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| What is a centrifuge? | Machine used to separate blood
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| What is hematology? | Study of blood
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| What is plasma? | A blood component
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| What is hemoglobin? | RBCs that circulate in body carrying oxygen
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| What is a vein? | A blood vessel (carries blood towards the heart)
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| What is hematoma? | Blood clot under the skin
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| What is a tourniquet? | A rubber strip used to constrict or slow blood flow
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| Anticoagulant | An additive that thins out blood to prevent clotting
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| Aorta | Largest artery in the body originating from the left ventricle and supplies blood to the whole body (systemic)
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| Basophils | WBCs - fights infection
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| RBCs | Erythrocytes - carry oxygen all over the body
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| Platelets (thrombocytes) | Are RBCs that form clots
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| Capillaries | The smallest of body's blood vessels; very fragile. Carry bright red or darker red depending on gas exchange
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| Coagulation | Clotting
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| Dermapuncture | Piercing of skin
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| Hemoglobin | A protein molecule in RBCs that carries Oxygen thru' out the body
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| Palpate | Feel of the skin/part of body
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| Plasma | A yellow liquid component of blood
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