Patho Final
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| Which of the following is the best brief definition of disease? | functional disequilibrium
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| The scientific study of disease is known as | pathology
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| The study of the causes of disease is known as | etiology
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| Symptoms and signs disappear at least temporarily during | remission
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| The human body's ability to maintain stability amidst changing conditions is known as | homeostasis
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| What kind of disease develops and runs its course quickly? | acute
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| HIV infection is incurable and a person may live with it for decades, not developing AIDS for many years or decades. HIV/AIDS is best described as a(n) | chronic disease
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| The signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis may suddenly become more severe. The phenomenon is knows as | exacerbation
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| Joe explained to his doctor that his throat was sore. The sore throat was a | symptom
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| The determination of the cause of a disease is a | diagnosis
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| A patient's pulse, respiration and skin color are all | signs
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| A disease caused by a virus is best classified as | infectious
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| Which describes a disease that occurs in large numbers over a widespread area? | epidemic
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| The events leading to the development of a disease are known as its | pathophysiology
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| IgE is involved in | allergy
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| Resistance of the skin to invading organisms is known as | innate immunity
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| HIV is not transmitted via | casual contact
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| Stress causes an increased production of which hormone? | cortisol
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| What is phagocytosis? | leukocytes take in and destroy foreign material
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| The attraction of white blood cells to the site of inflammation is called | chemotaxis
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| Which is the cause of immune system damage in AIDS? | human immunodeficiency virus
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| What offers localized protection at mucosal surfaces? | IgA
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| What type of hypersensitivity is produced by bee venom, foods or pollen? | type I
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| What is the body's first line of defense? | skin
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| Incompatible blood transfusion causes which type of hypersensitivity? | type II
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| A strain of cholera that appeared in unusually large numbers in south Asia, South America and North America would be described as a(n) | pandemic
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| Viruses are different from bacteria in that viruses | cannot grow on their own
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| The source of an infectious agent is known as a(n) | reservoir
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| The Gram stain is used to differentiate types of | bacteria
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| Structures formed by bacteria and packaged in a tough outer coat to resist destruction by harsh environments are called | endospores
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| What occurs when a disease spreads over a large number of people in a specific area? | epidemic
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| Any disease caused by a microorganism is considered | infectious
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| Diseases that are transmitted directly from human to human are considered | communicable
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| What does helminth mean? | worm
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| Those who harbor an infectious agent but do not have signs or symptoms are called | carriers
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| Separating persons suspected of having a disease from healthy people is knows as | quarantining
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| What are microscopic, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membranous organelles? | bacteria
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| DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat are called | viruses
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| Single-celled or multicelled organisms with cell walls that contain chitin are called | fungi
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| The study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution and control of disease is | epidemiology
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| Antibiotics should be used only for | bacterial infections
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| The rubeola virus causes | measles
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| What is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide? | lung cancer
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| Deaths from cancer are projected to rise to ______ million in 2015? | 9 million
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| A cancer of fibrous connective tissue is called a(n) | fibrosarcoma
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| Protein regulators of the cell cycle are called | cyclins
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| The conversion of an oncogene from a proto-oncogene is induced by a(n) | retrovirus
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| The ________ encodes for proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiation. | oncogene
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| Exposure to asbestos increases the risk for cancer of the membranes of many internal organs and is commonly known as | mesothelioma
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| A definitive diagnosis of cancer is made pending the results of a(n) | biopsy
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| Life expectancy for men who are surgical candidates for prostate cancer is | 10 years
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| The risk for testicular cancer is greatest in men _____ years of age. | 30-40
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| Cancer of sperm-producing cells is called a(n) | seminoma
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| Treatment response to radiation, chemotherapy and surgery for testicular tumors is associated with a _____% response rate. | 80
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| The most common symptom of bladder cancer is | hematuria
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| The most important risk for bladder cancer in approximately 65% of males and 30% of females is | cigarette smoking
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| Infections with _______ is associated with up to a fivefold risk for bladder cancer. | Schistosoma haematobium
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| Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are cancers of _____ tissue. | lymph
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| Massive proliferation of immature forms of white blood cells occurs in | leukemia
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| Malignant proliferation of pigment-producing cells occurs in | malignant melanoma
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| The majority of adult central nervous system tumors are derived from _____ cells. | glial
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| The most common childhood cancer is | leukemia
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| Cancer of the sympathetic nervous system that consists of immature embryonic like cells is knows as a | neuroblastoma
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| The leading risk factor for prostate cancer is | age
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| The majority of melanoma appear on the _____ in men and on the _____ in women. | back, legs
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| Proliferation of abnormal white blood cells occurs in | leukemia
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| A CNS tumor that appears as undifferentiated primitive cells on the brain stem or spinal cord is a | medulloblastoma
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| A renal tumor that is composed of cells that resemble embryonic glomeruli is known as | Wilms' tumor
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| A soft tissue childhood sarcoma of red muscle is called a(n) | rhabdomyosarcoma
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| Cancer that occurs on the surface of bone is known as a(n) | osteosarcoma
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| More than _____% of all cancers in the United States occur in adults over the age of 65. | 60%
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| The American Cancer Society recommends annual mammography in women over the age of | 40
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| A cancer related checkup is recommended every ____ years by the American Cancer Society for individuals age 20-39 years | 3
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| Neoplasia means | new growth
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| Apoptosis refers to cell | death
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| The development of cancer is termed | carcinogenesis
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| Overexpression of _____ leads to the conversion of a normal cell to a malignant cell. | oncogene
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| Population based studies of cancer rates are used to characterize the _____ of cancer. | epidemiology
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| Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to | asbestos
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| Hepatitis B and C are common causes of _____ cancer. | liver
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| Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with ______ cancer. | stomach
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| Headaches are common in brain tumors when the cancer infiltrates the | meninges
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| Surgical treatments for breast cancer include mastectomy and | lumpectomy
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| If the cause of a disease is unknown, it is | idiopathic
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| Remission and exacerbation occurs in which disease type? | chronic
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| What describes the number of deaths a disease causes in a susceptible population? | mortality
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| Which term means the predicted outcome of a disease? | prognosis
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| Which antibody is associated with allergy? | IgE
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| Which term is used for diseases that are under constant surveillance? | reportable
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| Long, whip-like appendages used for swimming are called | flagella
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| Which is an organism that does not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce? | virus
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| What kind of trait tends to appear in each generation? | dominant
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| The alternative form of a gene is a(n) | allele
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| A chart showing a family genetic background is called a | pedigree
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| A matching set of genes for a given trait is called | homozygous
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| Chi-du-chat is the result of | partially deleted #5 chromosome
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| What disorder leaves the person vulnerable to bleeding episodes? | hemophilia
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| Polydactyly suggests | extra fingers or toes
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| Those born with both testes and ovaries are known as | hermaphroditic
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| What common procedure helps determine the gender of a fetus? | amniocentesis
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| A congenital narrowing of the aorta is known as | coarctation of the aorta
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| A procedure in which a strong saline solution is injected into varicose veins | compression sclerotherapy
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| A clot within a blood vessel formed by turbulent blood flow in the region of the plaque and ulceration of the plaque | thrombosis
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| Narrowing of the valve leading into the aorta occurring more often in men than in women | aortic stenosis
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| A sustained rapid heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute | tachycardia
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| A life-threatening condition in which blood pressure drops too low to sustain life | shock
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| A serious congenital heart defect that consists of four abnormalities | Tetrology of Fallot
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| Fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta | ductus arteriosus
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| An automated external defibrillator (AED) delivers ______ shocks used to re-establish normal heart rhythm. | electrical
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| The venous system carries blood to the | heart
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| Results from infections, myocarditis, toxic agents, metabolic disorders, genetic disorders and immune disorders | dilated cardiomyopathy
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| The main function of the circulatory system is to | transport blood, oxygen and nutrients
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| The circulatory system is divided into systemic and _____ circulation | pulmonary
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| The internal lining of the heart is known as the | endocardium
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| The double layer membrane that encloses the heart is knows as the | pericardium
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| The mitral valve is located between the | left atrium, left ventricle
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| The tricuspid valve is located between the | right atrium, right ventricle
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| Cardiac filling is known as | diastole
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| The pacemaker of the heart is known as the | sinoatrial node
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| Systemic circulation distributes oxygenated blood from the | left ventricle
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| Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the | right ventricle
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| Blood return to the right atrium is delivered via the | venae cavae
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| What lipoprotein transports cholesterol to the tissues of the body? | low density lipoprotein
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| The most common cause of an abdominal aneurysm is | atherosclerosis
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| What procedure is used to open a partially occluded artery? | angioplasty
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| An inflammatory condition of the heart muscle most commonly caused by viruses is known as | myocarditis
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| What condition occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the oxygen needs of other body organs? | congestive heart failure
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| An autosomal dominant disorder that results in a defective or deficient LDL receptor is known as | familial hypercholesterolemia
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| Hypertension affects approximately ____% of the adult population worldwide. | 20%
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| What test measures electrical activity of the heart? | electrocardiogram
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| What valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery? | pulmonary semilunar valve
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| What valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta? | aortic semilunar valve
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| Blockage of what artery impairs the flow of blood to the brain? | carotid
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| The iron rich, oxygen carrying protein in erythrocytes is known as: | hemoglobin
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| The average life span of a red blood cell is: | 120 days
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| The symptoms of anemia are due to _____ to the tissues. | hypoxia
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| The leading cause of anemia worldwide is: | iron deficiency
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| Vitamin b12 deficiency is also known as: | pernicious anemia
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| Approximately _____ of African Americans have the sickle cell trait or are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia. | 10%
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| Blood elements that are essential for blood clotting and mobilization of clotting factors are known as: | platelets
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| Which X-linked recessive bleeding disorder primarily affects males and results in a deficiency of clotting factor VIII? | hemophilia A
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| The function of _____ is to defend tissues against bacterial and fungal infections. | neutrophils
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| Diagnosis of blood disorders is based on assessment of: | complete blood counts
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| The fluid portion of the blood is known as: | plasma
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| Red blood cells are removed from the liver and the: | spleen
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| Excessive destruction of red blood cells results in accumulation of _____ and causes a jaundiced appearance in the tissues, urine and feces. | bilirubin
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| What autoimmune disorder results in destruction of platelets? | idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
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| About half of the body stores of folic acid are in the: | liver
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| What is a reduction in circulating red blood cells increasing the risk for severe bacterial and fungal infections? | neutropenia
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| Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia) is caused by inadequate absorption or intake of vitamin B12 or a deficiency in a protein called: | intrinsic factor
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| Persistent increases in eosinophils are associated with neurological and cardiac symptoms in patients with: | hypereosinophilic syndrome
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| In the lungs heme binds to _____ in exchange for carbon dioxide. | oxygen
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| Deficient synthesis or one or more of the alpha or beta chains required for the formation of hemoglobin is characteristic of what disease? | thalassemia
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| What surgical treatment is used to decrease the risk of hemolytic crisis in inherited causes of hemolytic anemia? | splenectomy
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| What are formed in sickle cell anemia as oxygen is released from erythrocytes? | crystals
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| The megaloblastic anemias are disorders caused by impaired _____ synthesis. | DNA
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| The most frequent cause of iron deficiency in men and postmenopausal women is: | gastrointestinal bleeding
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| What is needed for the synthesis of prothrombin and thrombin? | vitamin K
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| The production of red blood cells is regulated by a hormone known as: | erythropoietin
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| Erythrocytes (red blood cells) make up about _____ of the blood's volume. | 1/5
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| Which disease results in defects in platelet adhesion? | von Willebrand's disease
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| Neutropenia in autoimmunity is best treated with: | corticosteroids
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| A life-threatening condition that involves excessive destruction of platelets and consumption of clotting factors is called: | disseminated intravascular coagulation
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| A pathological increase in red blood cell mass accompanied by an increase in white blood cells and platelets is a disease known as: | polycythemia vera
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| Mature red blood cells emerge from the bone marrow as: | reticulocytes
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| The minimum daily requirement for folic acid is approximately: | 50 micrograms
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| The minimum daily requirement for vitamin B12 is about: | 2.5 micrograms
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| Megaloblastic red blood cells contain an increased ratio of _____ to _____. | RNA to DNA
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| Thalassemia affects nearly _____ million people worldwide. | 200
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| The absorption of vitamin B12 is dependent on: | intrinsic factors
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| Immune suppression from cancer chemotherapy and suppression of cellular proliferation in the bone marrow, resulting in an increased susceptibility for infection, is a common etiology of what blood disease? | neutropenia
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| Digestion begins in the: | mouth
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| The most common cause for esophageal varices is: | cirrhosis of the liver
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| Where does the greatest amount of digestion occur? | small intestine
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| Digestion of foods requires the presence of secretions called: | enzymes
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| Digestion of proteins begins in the: | stomach
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| Digestion of what type of food begins in the stomach? | protein
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| Absorption of digested foods is a major function of the: | villi of the small intestine
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| Burning chest pains resembling the pain of heart disease are characteristic of: | esophagitis
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| Acid relux is the most common cause of: | esophagitis
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| Gastric juice contains hydrochoric acid used for? | digestion of protein
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| Pancreatic juice contains _____ for digesting all types of food. | enzymes
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| Protrusion of part of the stomach through the wall of the diaphragm at the esophageal junction is a: | hiatal hernia
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| Vomiting of blood is the principle sign of: | gastritis
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| Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of: | gastric ulcers
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| Abdominal pain relieved by eating and by antacids is characteristic of: | peptic ulcers
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| Inflammation of the stomach and intestines producing anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea is: | gastroenteritis
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| Salmonella is one of the most common causes of: | food poisoning
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| A disease in which the stomach fails to secrete its normal gastric juices and eventually atrophies is: | chronic atrophic gastritis
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| Diagnosis of gastritis requires what type of testing? | gastroscopy
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| Lack of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption results from what GI tract disorder? | chronic atrophic gastritis
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| The inability of the stomach to secrete intrinsic factors and hydrochloric acid is: | atrophic gastritis
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| What is comprised of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum? | small intestine
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| Accumulation of fat in the fecal matter, resulting in unformed, pale, floating stools with a very strong odor, indicates which disease? | malabsorption syndrome
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| Defective mucosal cells, resulting in the inability to absorb, is a disease called: | malabsorption syndrome
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| A change in bowel habits, including either diarrhea or constipation, is a sign of: | obstruction
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| A syndrome involving infection and inflammation of the colon with intense pain and bloody stools is called: | dysentery
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| Pain in the lower right quadrant, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever, and leukocytosis, is most likely: | appendicitis
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| Hemorrhoids are diagnosed via use of the: | proctoscope
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| X-ray examination reveals a straight, rigid, "pipestem" colon, indicating: | chronic ulcerative colitis
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| The microbes causing peritonitis often invade through _____. | diverticulae
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| A volvulus is a _____. | twisted intestine
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| If melena is found in the stool, a disease of the digestive system is most likely located in the: | stomach
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| Organic obstruction of the intestine includes: | volvulus
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| Antibiotics may be effective in the treatment of _____. | dysentery
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| Antibiotics can be effective in the treatment of _____. | gastric ulcer
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| A change in diet is helpful in the treatment of _____. | gastritis
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| Pain resembling that of appendicitis may indicate _____. | regional enteritis
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| An acute inflammation of the colon that is caused by bacteria, parasitic worms, or other microorganisms is known as _____. | dysentery
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| An organic obstruction of the intestine in which it is twisted on itself and may be unwound surgically is known as _____. | volvulus
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| Formation of little pouches or sacs on the intestine, in which the mucosa pushes through the muscle layer, produces what disorder? | diverticulitis
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| Decrease in peristalsis is characteristic of what type of intestinal obstructions? | paralytic
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