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Patho Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is the best brief definition of disease? | functional disequilibrium |
| The scientific study of disease is known as | pathology |
| The study of the causes of disease is known as | etiology |
| Symptoms and signs disappear at least temporarily during | remission |
| The human body's ability to maintain stability amidst changing conditions is known as | homeostasis |
| What kind of disease develops and runs its course quickly? | acute |
| HIV infection is incurable and a person may live with it for decades, not developing AIDS for many years or decades. HIV/AIDS is best described as a(n) | chronic disease |
| The signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis may suddenly become more severe. The phenomenon is knows as | exacerbation |
| Joe explained to his doctor that his throat was sore. The sore throat was a | symptom |
| The determination of the cause of a disease is a | diagnosis |
| A patient's pulse, respiration and skin color are all | signs |
| A disease caused by a virus is best classified as | infectious |
| Which describes a disease that occurs in large numbers over a widespread area? | epidemic |
| The events leading to the development of a disease are known as its | pathophysiology |
| IgE is involved in | allergy |
| Resistance of the skin to invading organisms is known as | innate immunity |
| HIV is not transmitted via | casual contact |
| Stress causes an increased production of which hormone? | cortisol |
| What is phagocytosis? | leukocytes take in and destroy foreign material |
| The attraction of white blood cells to the site of inflammation is called | chemotaxis |
| Which is the cause of immune system damage in AIDS? | human immunodeficiency virus |
| What offers localized protection at mucosal surfaces? | IgA |
| What type of hypersensitivity is produced by bee venom, foods or pollen? | type I |
| What is the body's first line of defense? | skin |
| Incompatible blood transfusion causes which type of hypersensitivity? | type II |
| A strain of cholera that appeared in unusually large numbers in south Asia, South America and North America would be described as a(n) | pandemic |
| Viruses are different from bacteria in that viruses | cannot grow on their own |
| The source of an infectious agent is known as a(n) | reservoir |
| The Gram stain is used to differentiate types of | bacteria |
| Structures formed by bacteria and packaged in a tough outer coat to resist destruction by harsh environments are called | endospores |
| What occurs when a disease spreads over a large number of people in a specific area? | epidemic |
| Any disease caused by a microorganism is considered | infectious |
| Diseases that are transmitted directly from human to human are considered | communicable |
| What does helminth mean? | worm |
| Those who harbor an infectious agent but do not have signs or symptoms are called | carriers |
| Separating persons suspected of having a disease from healthy people is knows as | quarantining |
| What are microscopic, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membranous organelles? | bacteria |
| DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat are called | viruses |
| Single-celled or multicelled organisms with cell walls that contain chitin are called | fungi |
| The study of the transmission, occurrence, distribution and control of disease is | epidemiology |
| Antibiotics should be used only for | bacterial infections |
| The rubeola virus causes | measles |
| What is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide? | lung cancer |
| Deaths from cancer are projected to rise to ______ million in 2015? | 9 million |
| A cancer of fibrous connective tissue is called a(n) | fibrosarcoma |
| Protein regulators of the cell cycle are called | cyclins |
| The conversion of an oncogene from a proto-oncogene is induced by a(n) | retrovirus |
| The ________ encodes for proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiation. | oncogene |
| Exposure to asbestos increases the risk for cancer of the membranes of many internal organs and is commonly known as | mesothelioma |
| A definitive diagnosis of cancer is made pending the results of a(n) | biopsy |
| Life expectancy for men who are surgical candidates for prostate cancer is | 10 years |
| The risk for testicular cancer is greatest in men _____ years of age. | 30-40 |
| Cancer of sperm-producing cells is called a(n) | seminoma |
| Treatment response to radiation, chemotherapy and surgery for testicular tumors is associated with a _____% response rate. | 80 |
| The most common symptom of bladder cancer is | hematuria |
| The most important risk for bladder cancer in approximately 65% of males and 30% of females is | cigarette smoking |
| Infections with _______ is associated with up to a fivefold risk for bladder cancer. | Schistosoma haematobium |
| Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are cancers of _____ tissue. | lymph |
| Massive proliferation of immature forms of white blood cells occurs in | leukemia |
| Malignant proliferation of pigment-producing cells occurs in | malignant melanoma |
| The majority of adult central nervous system tumors are derived from _____ cells. | glial |
| The most common childhood cancer is | leukemia |
| Cancer of the sympathetic nervous system that consists of immature embryonic like cells is knows as a | neuroblastoma |
| The leading risk factor for prostate cancer is | age |
| The majority of melanoma appear on the _____ in men and on the _____ in women. | back, legs |
| Proliferation of abnormal white blood cells occurs in | leukemia |
| A CNS tumor that appears as undifferentiated primitive cells on the brain stem or spinal cord is a | medulloblastoma |
| A renal tumor that is composed of cells that resemble embryonic glomeruli is known as | Wilms' tumor |
| A soft tissue childhood sarcoma of red muscle is called a(n) | rhabdomyosarcoma |
| Cancer that occurs on the surface of bone is known as a(n) | osteosarcoma |
| More than _____% of all cancers in the United States occur in adults over the age of 65. | 60% |
| The American Cancer Society recommends annual mammography in women over the age of | 40 |
| A cancer related checkup is recommended every ____ years by the American Cancer Society for individuals age 20-39 years | 3 |
| Neoplasia means | new growth |
| Apoptosis refers to cell | death |
| The development of cancer is termed | carcinogenesis |
| Overexpression of _____ leads to the conversion of a normal cell to a malignant cell. | oncogene |
| Population based studies of cancer rates are used to characterize the _____ of cancer. | epidemiology |
| Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to | asbestos |
| Hepatitis B and C are common causes of _____ cancer. | liver |
| Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with ______ cancer. | stomach |
| Headaches are common in brain tumors when the cancer infiltrates the | meninges |
| Surgical treatments for breast cancer include mastectomy and | lumpectomy |
| If the cause of a disease is unknown, it is | idiopathic |
| Remission and exacerbation occurs in which disease type? | chronic |
| What describes the number of deaths a disease causes in a susceptible population? | mortality |
| Which term means the predicted outcome of a disease? | prognosis |
| Which antibody is associated with allergy? | IgE |
| Which term is used for diseases that are under constant surveillance? | reportable |
| Long, whip-like appendages used for swimming are called | flagella |
| Which is an organism that does not independently grow, metabolize, or reproduce? | virus |
| What kind of trait tends to appear in each generation? | dominant |
| The alternative form of a gene is a(n) | allele |
| A chart showing a family genetic background is called a | pedigree |
| A matching set of genes for a given trait is called | homozygous |
| Chi-du-chat is the result of | partially deleted #5 chromosome |
| What disorder leaves the person vulnerable to bleeding episodes? | hemophilia |
| Polydactyly suggests | extra fingers or toes |
| Those born with both testes and ovaries are known as | hermaphroditic |
| What common procedure helps determine the gender of a fetus? | amniocentesis |
| A congenital narrowing of the aorta is known as | coarctation of the aorta |
| A procedure in which a strong saline solution is injected into varicose veins | compression sclerotherapy |
| A clot within a blood vessel formed by turbulent blood flow in the region of the plaque and ulceration of the plaque | thrombosis |
| Narrowing of the valve leading into the aorta occurring more often in men than in women | aortic stenosis |
| A sustained rapid heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute | tachycardia |
| A life-threatening condition in which blood pressure drops too low to sustain life | shock |
| A serious congenital heart defect that consists of four abnormalities | Tetrology of Fallot |
| Fetal connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta | ductus arteriosus |
| An automated external defibrillator (AED) delivers ______ shocks used to re-establish normal heart rhythm. | electrical |
| The venous system carries blood to the | heart |
| Results from infections, myocarditis, toxic agents, metabolic disorders, genetic disorders and immune disorders | dilated cardiomyopathy |
| The main function of the circulatory system is to | transport blood, oxygen and nutrients |
| The circulatory system is divided into systemic and _____ circulation | pulmonary |
| The internal lining of the heart is known as the | endocardium |
| The double layer membrane that encloses the heart is knows as the | pericardium |
| The mitral valve is located between the | left atrium, left ventricle |
| The tricuspid valve is located between the | right atrium, right ventricle |
| Cardiac filling is known as | diastole |
| The pacemaker of the heart is known as the | sinoatrial node |
| Systemic circulation distributes oxygenated blood from the | left ventricle |
| Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the | right ventricle |
| Blood return to the right atrium is delivered via the | venae cavae |
| What lipoprotein transports cholesterol to the tissues of the body? | low density lipoprotein |
| The most common cause of an abdominal aneurysm is | atherosclerosis |
| What procedure is used to open a partially occluded artery? | angioplasty |
| An inflammatory condition of the heart muscle most commonly caused by viruses is known as | myocarditis |
| What condition occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the oxygen needs of other body organs? | congestive heart failure |
| An autosomal dominant disorder that results in a defective or deficient LDL receptor is known as | familial hypercholesterolemia |
| Hypertension affects approximately ____% of the adult population worldwide. | 20% |
| What test measures electrical activity of the heart? | electrocardiogram |
| What valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery? | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| What valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta? | aortic semilunar valve |
| Blockage of what artery impairs the flow of blood to the brain? | carotid |
| The iron rich, oxygen carrying protein in erythrocytes is known as: | hemoglobin |
| The average life span of a red blood cell is: | 120 days |
| The symptoms of anemia are due to _____ to the tissues. | hypoxia |
| The leading cause of anemia worldwide is: | iron deficiency |
| Vitamin b12 deficiency is also known as: | pernicious anemia |
| Approximately _____ of African Americans have the sickle cell trait or are heterozygous for sickle cell anemia. | 10% |
| Blood elements that are essential for blood clotting and mobilization of clotting factors are known as: | platelets |
| Which X-linked recessive bleeding disorder primarily affects males and results in a deficiency of clotting factor VIII? | hemophilia A |
| The function of _____ is to defend tissues against bacterial and fungal infections. | neutrophils |
| Diagnosis of blood disorders is based on assessment of: | complete blood counts |
| The fluid portion of the blood is known as: | plasma |
| Red blood cells are removed from the liver and the: | spleen |
| Excessive destruction of red blood cells results in accumulation of _____ and causes a jaundiced appearance in the tissues, urine and feces. | bilirubin |
| What autoimmune disorder results in destruction of platelets? | idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| About half of the body stores of folic acid are in the: | liver |
| What is a reduction in circulating red blood cells increasing the risk for severe bacterial and fungal infections? | neutropenia |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia) is caused by inadequate absorption or intake of vitamin B12 or a deficiency in a protein called: | intrinsic factor |
| Persistent increases in eosinophils are associated with neurological and cardiac symptoms in patients with: | hypereosinophilic syndrome |
| In the lungs heme binds to _____ in exchange for carbon dioxide. | oxygen |
| Deficient synthesis or one or more of the alpha or beta chains required for the formation of hemoglobin is characteristic of what disease? | thalassemia |
| What surgical treatment is used to decrease the risk of hemolytic crisis in inherited causes of hemolytic anemia? | splenectomy |
| What are formed in sickle cell anemia as oxygen is released from erythrocytes? | crystals |
| The megaloblastic anemias are disorders caused by impaired _____ synthesis. | DNA |
| The most frequent cause of iron deficiency in men and postmenopausal women is: | gastrointestinal bleeding |
| What is needed for the synthesis of prothrombin and thrombin? | vitamin K |
| The production of red blood cells is regulated by a hormone known as: | erythropoietin |
| Erythrocytes (red blood cells) make up about _____ of the blood's volume. | 1/5 |
| Which disease results in defects in platelet adhesion? | von Willebrand's disease |
| Neutropenia in autoimmunity is best treated with: | corticosteroids |
| A life-threatening condition that involves excessive destruction of platelets and consumption of clotting factors is called: | disseminated intravascular coagulation |
| A pathological increase in red blood cell mass accompanied by an increase in white blood cells and platelets is a disease known as: | polycythemia vera |
| Mature red blood cells emerge from the bone marrow as: | reticulocytes |
| The minimum daily requirement for folic acid is approximately: | 50 micrograms |
| The minimum daily requirement for vitamin B12 is about: | 2.5 micrograms |
| Megaloblastic red blood cells contain an increased ratio of _____ to _____. | RNA to DNA |
| Thalassemia affects nearly _____ million people worldwide. | 200 |
| The absorption of vitamin B12 is dependent on: | intrinsic factors |
| Immune suppression from cancer chemotherapy and suppression of cellular proliferation in the bone marrow, resulting in an increased susceptibility for infection, is a common etiology of what blood disease? | neutropenia |
| Digestion begins in the: | mouth |
| The most common cause for esophageal varices is: | cirrhosis of the liver |
| Where does the greatest amount of digestion occur? | small intestine |
| Digestion of foods requires the presence of secretions called: | enzymes |
| Digestion of proteins begins in the: | stomach |
| Digestion of what type of food begins in the stomach? | protein |
| Absorption of digested foods is a major function of the: | villi of the small intestine |
| Burning chest pains resembling the pain of heart disease are characteristic of: | esophagitis |
| Acid relux is the most common cause of: | esophagitis |
| Gastric juice contains hydrochoric acid used for? | digestion of protein |
| Pancreatic juice contains _____ for digesting all types of food. | enzymes |
| Protrusion of part of the stomach through the wall of the diaphragm at the esophageal junction is a: | hiatal hernia |
| Vomiting of blood is the principle sign of: | gastritis |
| Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of: | gastric ulcers |
| Abdominal pain relieved by eating and by antacids is characteristic of: | peptic ulcers |
| Inflammation of the stomach and intestines producing anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea is: | gastroenteritis |
| Salmonella is one of the most common causes of: | food poisoning |
| A disease in which the stomach fails to secrete its normal gastric juices and eventually atrophies is: | chronic atrophic gastritis |
| Diagnosis of gastritis requires what type of testing? | gastroscopy |
| Lack of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption results from what GI tract disorder? | chronic atrophic gastritis |
| The inability of the stomach to secrete intrinsic factors and hydrochloric acid is: | atrophic gastritis |
| What is comprised of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum? | small intestine |
| Accumulation of fat in the fecal matter, resulting in unformed, pale, floating stools with a very strong odor, indicates which disease? | malabsorption syndrome |
| Defective mucosal cells, resulting in the inability to absorb, is a disease called: | malabsorption syndrome |
| A change in bowel habits, including either diarrhea or constipation, is a sign of: | obstruction |
| A syndrome involving infection and inflammation of the colon with intense pain and bloody stools is called: | dysentery |
| Pain in the lower right quadrant, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fever, and leukocytosis, is most likely: | appendicitis |
| Hemorrhoids are diagnosed via use of the: | proctoscope |
| X-ray examination reveals a straight, rigid, "pipestem" colon, indicating: | chronic ulcerative colitis |
| The microbes causing peritonitis often invade through _____. | diverticulae |
| A volvulus is a _____. | twisted intestine |
| If melena is found in the stool, a disease of the digestive system is most likely located in the: | stomach |
| Organic obstruction of the intestine includes: | volvulus |
| Antibiotics may be effective in the treatment of _____. | dysentery |
| Antibiotics can be effective in the treatment of _____. | gastric ulcer |
| A change in diet is helpful in the treatment of _____. | gastritis |
| Pain resembling that of appendicitis may indicate _____. | regional enteritis |
| An acute inflammation of the colon that is caused by bacteria, parasitic worms, or other microorganisms is known as _____. | dysentery |
| An organic obstruction of the intestine in which it is twisted on itself and may be unwound surgically is known as _____. | volvulus |
| Formation of little pouches or sacs on the intestine, in which the mucosa pushes through the muscle layer, produces what disorder? | diverticulitis |
| Decrease in peristalsis is characteristic of what type of intestinal obstructions? | paralytic |
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